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-"MIRACL-FS, University of Sfax"

-"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Science"

-"Division of Computer Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do"

-"The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, The Tel-Aviv University"

-"Deparment of Computing, Imperial College London, UK"

-"University of Toronto, 6 Kings College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4 CANADA"

-"SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamil Nadu, India"

-"BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"

-"IIE, Universidad de la Rep ublica, Uruguay. 2ECE, Duke University, USA"

-"SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai-603 203, Tamilnadu, India"

-"School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, UK"

-Stevens Institute of Technology  Adobe Systems Inc

-"College of Computers and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, KSA"

-"ITCS, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing"

-Tomas Bata University in Zl n

-"School of Computing and Info. Sciences, Florida International University"

-"Numediart Institute, University of Mons"

-in the College of Engineering and Computer Science

-"Pursuing M.Tech, Caarmel Engineering College, MG University, Kerala, India"

-The University of Queensland in

-"University  Politehnica  of Bucharest, Romania, Address Splaiul Independent ei"

-M. Mark Everingham University of Leeds

-"CVIP Lab, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA"

-"School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"

-"University of Shef eld, Regent Court, 211 Portobello, Shef eld"

-"Babes Bolyai University, 58-60 Teodor Mihali, C333, Cluj Napoca"

-"Faculty of Telecommunications, Technical University, Sofia, Bulgaria"

-"University of Science, VNU-HCMC, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam"

-"RoboticsResearchGroup, UniversityofOxford, Oxford, UK"

-"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"

-"BECS, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland"

-"Beihang University 2Gri th University 3University of York, UK"

-"School of Comm. and Info. Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecom., Beijing China"

-Tsinghua-CUHK Joint Research Center for Media Sciences

-Sabanc  University

-"Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology Kerala, India"

-"Fudan University, 2Microsoft Research Asia, 3University of Maryland"

-"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham"

-"Advanced Digital Sciences Center (ADSC), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Singapore"

-"University at Buffalo, SUNY"

-"University of Maryland, Center for Automation Research"

-"MRC Laboratory For Molecular Cell Biology, University College London"

-"IslamicAzad University, Qazvin, Iran"

-KIT   University of the State of Baden-W rttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association

-"Research Center  E. Piaggio , University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, 2 Faculty of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"

-"University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"

-This article was downloaded from Harvard University s DASH

-"Program of Computational Science and Engineering, Bo gazi ci University"

-"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"

-"DISI, University of Trento, Italy"

-College of Information Engineering

-"Faculty of Information Technology, Barrett Hodgson University, Karachi, Pakistan"

-"bUniversity of Nottingham, School of Computer Science, Nottingham, UK"

-"P. O. Box 4500 FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland"

-University of California at Berkeley / ICSI

-"Intelligent User Interfaces Lab, Ko c University, Turkey"

-"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"

-Honda Fundamental Research Labs

-"Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre and Grif th School of Engineering, Grif th University"

-"Division of IT Convergence, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology"

-"University of Zaragoza, Spain"

-"Assam University, Silchar-788011 Assam University, Silchar"

-"School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China"

-"University of Alicante, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain"

-"Grif th University, QLD, Australia"

-"Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Signal Processing Institute"

-"Lab, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK. 3Clinical"

-"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA"

-"Asian University, Taichung, Taiwan"

-"The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA"

-"Sapienza University of Rome, Italy"

-"University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy"

-"Centre for Quantum Computation and Intelligent Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia"

-Sponsors: Machine Intelligence Research Labs (MIR Labs

-"University of S ao Paulo - USP, S ao Paulo - Brazil"

-"Machine Perception Laboratory, University of California, San Diego"

-"Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"

-"University of Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 585, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"

-University of Cagliari

-"LIP6, UPMC - Sorbonne University, Paris, France"

-"Baidu Research, USA 3John Hopkins University"

-"Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia"

-"Computer Vision Laboratory, The University of Nottingham"

-"L3S Research Center, Hannover, Germany"

-"Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS"

-"School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China"

-"a Institute of Anatomy I, School of Medicine, Friedrich Schiller University, Germany"

-"he University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam"

-"bSchool of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"

-"image being generated by the model, include Active Appearance"

-"Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain"

-"Institute of Advanced Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing"

-"Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213. USA"

-"f Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania"

-"School of Computer Science and Information Systems, Birkbeck College, University of London"

-"Queen Mary, University of London"

-University of Sfax

-SUS college of Engineering and Technology

-"School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK"

-"Faculty of Information Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"

-College of Information Science and Engineering

-"Facial expression  gures prominently in research on almost every aspect of emotion, including psychophys"

-"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego"

-"Proto Labs, Inc"

-Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences

-ATR Interpreting Telecommunications Research Laboratories

-Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS

-"Chalmers University of Technology, SAFER"

-"Computer Vision Research Group, COMSATS Institute of Information"

-"TNLIST, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China"

-"School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, U.K"

-"Suhaila N. Mohammed, Baghdad University, College of Science, Baghdad, Iraq"

-"The School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong"

-"St. Xavier s Catholic College of Engineering, Nagercoil, India"

-"Applied computing and mechanics laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"

-"Human-friendly Welfare Robotic System Engineering Research Center, KAIST"

-Language Technologies Institute

-Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology Islamabad

-"Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science at Cardi  University, July 24th"

-"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr za ska 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"

-Northwestern University) to T.E. We thank Vincent De Gardelle for helpful comments on an earlier version of

-"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr za ska cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"

-"HOD, St. Joseph College of Information Technology, Songea, Tanzania"

-"Birkbeck College, University of London"

-"The Image Processing and Analysis Lab (LAPI), Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania"

-"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone"

-Nokia Bell Labs and University of Oxford

-"PG Scholar, Dr.Pauls Engineering College, Villupuram District, Tamilnadu, India"

-"VISLab, EBUII-216, University of California Riverside"

-"University of Waterloo, Waterloo ON N2L3G1, Canada"

-"Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA"

-"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan"

-"Computer Science and Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, India"

-"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia"

-"Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"

-"to visually detectable changes in facial appearance, including blushing and tears. These"

-"Institute of Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany"

-"Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey"

-"Computer Science Division, The Open University of Israel"

-"Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ve cna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana"

-"Facebook AI Research, 2Dartmouth College"

-"Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics School, Flinders University, Australia"

-"Seattle Paci c University, Seattle, WA 98119-1957, USA"

-"Key Lab. of Machine Perception, School of EECS, Peking University"

-"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand"

-"The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Israel"

-Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from

-cid:63)Stanford University

-"The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University"

-"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Henan, Nanyang, 473000, P.R"

-"Institute of Informatics,  Istanbul Technical University,  Istanbul, 34469, TURKEY"

-State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS

-University of Siegen

-"Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY, United States"

-"M.Tech, Information Technology, Madras Institute of Technology, TamilNadu, India"

-"cid:2)Honda RandD Americas, Inc., Boston, MA, USA"

-tional Taipei University for his help in performing simulations. The author would like to thank Mr. Ming

-"Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Russia"

-"USC IRIS Lab, University of Southern California"

-"Teaching Affairs Office, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China"

-"EEMCS, University of Twente, Netherlands"

-"puter Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore (e-mails"

-"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"

-"Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Memphis"

-"Held at R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, Maharastra, India"

-"Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"

-"Machine Intelligence Lab (MIL), Cambridge University"

-"Co-Guide, Computer Science, Shah and Anchor Kuttchi Engineering College, Mumbai, India"

-"Nanjing, 210023, China, 4 School of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and"

-"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China"

-"ISTMT, University of Tunis El Manar Address: 9, Rue Docteur Zouhe r Safi   1006; 3Faculty of Medicine of Tunis; Address"

-"CAS), Institute of Computing Technology, CAS, Beijing, 100190, China"

-"ACRV, The Australian National University  University of Oxford  QUVA Lab, University of Amsterdam"

-"Technology, University of Oradea 410087, Universitatii 1, Romania"

-"University Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom"

-facultyofmathematicsandnaturalsciencesarti cialintelligence22-09-2016|1ATitleA.UthorRijksuniversiteitGroningenSomeFaculty

-"Institute for Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology"

-"School of Computer Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea"

-"Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 3The Wellcome"

-"Calgary, 2500 University Dr., N.W. Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4. Tel"

-"Governance, Keio University"

-"cid:63)Queen Mary University of London,  Imperial College London"

-"RGPV University, Indore"

-"Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab on Speech and Image Information Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi an, China"

-Honda Research Institute

-"cid:5)School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. 47907, USA"

-Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology

-"University of Twente, EEMCS, Netherlands"

-"School of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China"

-"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign University of California, San Diego"

-"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"

-"School of Data of Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, P.R. China"

-"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A"

-"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ"

-"Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand"

-"Center for Arti cial Vision Research, Korea University"

-"Korea Electronics Technology Institute, 203-103 B/D 192, Yakdae-Dong"

-"Technical University of Munich, Germany"

-"City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China"

-"Laboratory, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"

-"School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom"

-"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"

-"Ponti cal Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"

-"School of Computer Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China"

-Institute of Deep Learning

-"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P.R. China"

-"Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA"

-"FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland"

-"Computer Vision Group, L. D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India"

-"Arts Media and Engineering, Arizona State University"

-University of Beira Interior

-"Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta"

-Ho Chi Minh City University of

-"Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan"

-"National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC"

-"USC Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), Los Angeles, CA"

-"New York University Shanghai, 1555 Century Ave, Pudong"

-Facebook 4Texas AandM University 5IBM Research

-"Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland"

-yAristotle University of Thessaloniki

-"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai"

-"CVSSP, University of Surrey"

-ShahidBeheshti University

-"Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers"

-"Sichuan Fine Arts Institute, Chongqing, China"

-"tion [11, 10] is making possible very large scale visual recognition both in my own ongoing work, including"

-"Institute for Electronics, Signal Processing and Communications"

-National Institute of Development Administration

-"EEMCS, University of Twente, The Netherlands"

-UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (http://dare.uva.nl

-"College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"

-"and bDivision of Engineering and Applied Sciences 136-93, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA"

-Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences

-"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"

-"School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland"

-"Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Portugal"

-"Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong"

-"Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland"

-"Japan, 2 Center for Special Needs Education, Nara University of Education, Nara-shi, Nara"

-University of Science and Technology Beijing

-"Computational Biomedicine Lab, University of Houston, TX, USA"

-Nam k Kemal University

-University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

-University of Freiburg

-"DESTEC, FLSHR Mohammed V University-Agdal, Rabat, Morocco"

-"College of Science, Menou a University, Menou a 32721, Egypt"

-Interactive and Digital Media Institute

-"College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, MA, USA"

-"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei"

-"Research Groups on Intelligent Machines, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia"

-National Institute of Advanced Industrial

-USC Institute for Creative Technologies

-"University of Canberra, Australia,  Data61 - CSIRO and ANU, Australia"

-Institute for Vision Systems Engineering

-"DCMandB, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA 4 SCS, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"

-"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"

-eBay Research Labs

-"Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Utrecht, The"

-Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI

-"Research Institute of Shenzhen, Wuhan University, Shenzhen, China"

-"and Modeling, Rutgers University"

-"Institute of Computing, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil, e-mail: ander"

-"National Institute of Informatics, Japan"

-"Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, India"

-UniversityofMaryland

-"Science and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 3 SYSU-CMU Shunde International"

-"Caarmel Engineering College, MG University, Kerala, India"

-"Universitat Polit cnica de Catalunya, 6 University of Vigo, 7 LIUM, University of Maine"

-"Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"

-"J. P. College of Engineering, India"

-"Universite  Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 4 The Queensland Brain Institute, The"

-"Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis (CMVS), University of Oulu, Finland"

-"iCV Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia"

-"Engineering Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Blvd. Benito Ju rez"

-Technical University of Kaiserslautern

-"M.Tech Student, SSG Engineering College, Odisha, India"

-"learning. As a result of this research, many applications, including video surveillance systems"

-Taizhou University

-"Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK"

-"China Mobile Research Institute, Xuanwu Men West Street, Beijing"

-"Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom, 3 Abertawe Bro-Morgannwg"

-"Multimodal Computing and Interaction, Saarland University, Germany"

-"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China"

-"Intelligent Systems Group, University of Groningen, The Netherlands"

-"Center for Automation Research, UMIACS, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA"

-"College of software, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Chongqing"

-"Vision and Sensing, HCC Lab, ESTeM, University of Canberra"

-"Computer Science and Arti cial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"

-"P.A. College of Engnineering, Mangalore"

-"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China"

-"M.H Saboo Siddik College of Engineering, University of Mumbai, India"

-"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, USA"

-"Computer Science Division, The Open University of Israel, Israel"

-Achariya college of Engineering Technology

-"Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Google Research, New York, NY"

-High Institute of Medical Technologies

-"cid:63) Faculty of Computing, Information Systems and Mathematics, Kingston University London"

-Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University

-"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2 Sydney Medical"

-"Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore"

-"ECSE, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY"

-"National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Arnesano, LE, Italy"

-"Xi an Jiaotong University, China"

-"North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND58105, USA"

-University of Twente 2Dublin City University 3Oxford University

-"School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University"

-"Dr.Pauls Engineering College, Villupuram District, Tamilnadu, India"

-"tum Computation and Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University"

-"Machine Intelligence Group, School of Computer Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology and"

-"University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R.China"

-"Queen Mary, University of London, E1 4NS, UK"

-University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW

-"Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho Street, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietman"

-College of Computer Science and Technology

-"Coordinated Science Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"

-Gangnung-Wonju National University

-"Institute of Digital Media, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China"

-"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Box 451, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"

-"cid:2)Imperial College London, U.K"

-"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"

-"Cognitive Arti cial Intelligence, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 6, 3584 CD, Utrecht"

-"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, P.R.China"

-"Friedrich Schiller University, D-07740 Jena"

-Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology

-"Research Center for Information Technology Innovation, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan"

-"Shenzhen Key Lab of CVPR, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology"

-"Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr ucken, Germany (MPI-INF.MPG.DE"

-B.S. University of Indonesia

-"University of T ubingen, T ubingen, Germany"

-"School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide, Australia"

-"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2 Leiden University"

-Honda Research Institute USA

-"Rm 1365, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA"

-"Machine Intelligence Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University"

-"University of Nottingham, UK, School of Computer Science"

-"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2Facebook Applied Machine Learning, 3Dartmouth College"

-"Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea"

-Imperial College London / Twente University

-"National University of Singapore, 2Shanghai Jiao Tong University"

-"School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"

-"SRV Engineering College, sembodai, india"

-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute

-"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Service, Shenzhen University, P.R. China"

-"Gayathri.S, M.E., Vins Christian college of Engineering"

-"Universiteit van Amsterdam, Roeterstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"

-"CVSSP, University of Surrey, UK"

-Sanghvi Institute of Management and Science

-"Multimedia Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"

-"U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD USA"

-"National Laboratory on Machine Perception, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China"

-"Computer Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R.China"

-College of Information and Electrical Engineering

-"aResearch Scholar, Anna University, Chennai, Inida"

-"School of Computer Science, Tianjin University"

-"Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"

-"b DEI - University of Padova, Via Gradenigo, 6 - 35131- Padova, Italy"

-"Amsterdam; and 3Center for Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, University of Amsterdam"

-"Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy per., 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Russia"

-University of California at San Diego

-"Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3904, USA"

-"DIEI, University of Perugia, Italy"

-"Michigan State University, 3115 Engineering Building"

-"Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription"

-"Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr ucken, Germany"

-"iCV Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia"

-"University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"

-"Jawaharlal Technological University, Anantapur"

-SAMSI and Duke University

-"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi an Jiaotong University, Xi an, China"

-"MISC Laboratory, Constantine 2 University, Constantine, Algeria"

-"SRV Engineering College, sembodai, india"

-"Institute of Computing Technology, CAS"

-Institute of control science and engineering

-National Institute of Informatics

-"Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH"

-Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems

-St. Anne s College

-"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi an Jiaotong University, P. R. China"

-"DSP Lab, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"

-"J. P. College of Engineering, India"

-"National Laboratory on Machine Perception, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China"

-SUS college of Engineering and Technology

-"methods, including graph matching, optical- ow-based"

-"Turin, Italy, 3 Faculty of Humanities, Research Unit of Logopedics, Child Language Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu"

-"Michigan State University, NEC Laboratories America"

-"Polytechnic University of Milan, Milan, 20156, Italy, 3 Applied Electronics"

-"The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Israel"

-"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Medical College, Song Shan Hu"

-"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China"

-M. Mark Everingham University of Leeds

-University of California at San Diego

-"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"

-"PG Scholar, Dr.Pauls Engineering College, Villupuram District, Tamilnadu, India"

-"Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of"

-"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A"

-"Pathological anxiety is associated with disrupted cognitive processing, including working memory and"

-"Carnegie Mellon University, Electrical and Computer Engineering"

-"Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"

-University of Sfax

-"Arts, Commerce and Science College, Gangakhed, M.S, India"

-"Sejong University, 98 Gunja, Gwangjin, Seoul 143-747, Korea"

-"Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China"

-"Arti cial Intelligence Institute, China"

-"bFaculty of Engineering, International Islamic University, Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"

-"University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"

-"AncyRijaV, Author is currently pursuing M.E (Software Engineering) in Vins Christian College of"

-"Siemens Corporate Research, 755 College Road East, Princeton, NJ"

-"CAS), Institute of Computing Technology, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"

-"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"

-"Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta"

-"School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom"

-"S.R.C.E.M, Banmore, RGPV, University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India"

-"bDiscipline of Business Analytics, The University of Sydney Business School"

-"Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong"

-"Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University"

-"Center for Cognitive Ubiquitous Computing, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"

-"The school of Data Science, Fudan University"

-"School of Mathematical Science, Peking University, China"

-"School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide, Australia"

-Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies in Identity Sciences (IISIS

-"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, SG"

-University of California at Berkeley / ICSI

-"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology"

-Massachusettes Institute of Technology

-"IBM Watson Research Center, Armonk, NY, USA"

-B.S. (Cornell University

-"School of IoT Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China"

-"Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"

-"Science and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 3 SYSU-CMU Shunde International"

-"SICE, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications. 2Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University"

-Shandong Women s University

-"City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China"

-"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of"

-Northwestern University) to T.E. We thank Vincent De Gardelle for helpful comments on an earlier version of

-"Key Lab. of Machine Perception, School of EECS, Peking University, China"

-"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"

-"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Medical College, Song Shan Hu"

-"Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136 119, Haryana, INDIA"

-Research Center  E. Piaggio

-"Federal University Technology Akure, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria"

-Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from

-"The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, PA, USA"

-"Institute of Informatics,  Istanbul Technical University,  Istanbul, 34469, TURKEY"

-"Beihang University 2Gri th University 3University of York, UK"

-"University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques, 33204 Gij n"

-"Institute for Vision and Graphics, University of Siegen, Germany"

-"P. O. Box 4500 Fin-90014 University of Oulu, Finland"

-Malaviya National Institute of Technology

-"Universiteit van Amsterdam, Roeterstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"

-"Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey"

-"Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Signal Processing Institute"

-"Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"

-National Taiwan University of Science and

-"Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan"

-"DPDCE, University IUAV, Santa Croce 1957, 30135 Venice, Italy"

-"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Water Resources University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"

-"Institute of Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany"

-"CollegePark, MD"

-"Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KGZD-EW-T03), and project MMT-8115038 of the Shun Hing Institute of"

-"School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, P.R. China"

-"School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University"

-COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Wah Cantt

-yThe University of Tokyo

-"School of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Peking University"

-facultyofmathematicsandnaturalsciencesarti cialintelligence22-09-2016|1ATitleA.UthorRijksuniversiteitGroningenSomeFaculty

-Computer and Vision Research Center

-"Faculty of Computer Science, University of A Coru na, Coru na, Spain"

-"Institute of Radioelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland"

-"Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA"

-"Paran a Federal University, Curitiba, Brazil"

-"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P.R. China"

-"Nanjing, 210094, China, 3 School of Automation, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"

-"Tsinghua University, State Key Lab. of Intelligent"

-PES Modern College of Engg

-K. N. Toosi University of

-"School of Automation, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"

-Research Center for Information

-"Rowland Institute at Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"

-"College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"

-"School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, UK"

-"University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai"

-"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of High Performance Data Mining, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology"

-Achariya college of Engineering Technology

-"Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 561-844, Rep"

-at West Virginia University

-"Grad. School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University"

-State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS

-"Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom, 3 Abertawe Bro-Morgannwg"

-"Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"

-"Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand"

-"Indian Institute of Informaiton Technology, Allahabad, India"

-"Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, INDIA"

-yAristotle University of Thessaloniki

-Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST

-"B.S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai-48, India"

-Imperial College London / Twente University

-University of Chinese Academy of

-Mans eld College

-"LIP6, UPMC - Sorbonne University, Paris, France"

-"University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain"

-"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China"

-"Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213. USA"

-"Middlesex University London, 4International Hellenic University"

-"International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"

-"College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology"

-"Australian National University, and NICTA"

-"M.P.M. College, Bhopal, India"

-"California State University, Fullerton, USA"

-"EEMCS, University of Twente Enschede, The Netherlands"

-"IIIS, Tsinghua University"

-"National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan"

-M.S. Brunel University of West London

-"Research Center CENTIA, Electronics and Mechatronics"

-IBM China Research Lab

-"ISTMT, University of Tunis El Manar Address: 9, Rue Docteur Zouhe r Safi   1006; 3Faculty of Medicine of Tunis; Address"

-North Carolina AandT State University

-"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"

-"University of Queensland, School of ITEE, QLD 4072, Australia"

-The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press

-"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of"

-"University of Lincoln, School of Computer Science, U.K"

-"Research Center  E. Piaggio , University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, 2 Faculty of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"

-"cid:2) Imperial College London, United Kingdom"

-"Principal, Chaithanya Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kakinada, AP, India"

-"State Research Institute of Aviation Systems (GosNIIAS), Moscow, Russia"

-"College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"

-Australian National University and NICTA

-"Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"

-"School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK"

-"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China. 2School of"

-German Research Center for Arti cial Intelligence (DFKI

-"Baingio Pinna, University of"

-"abroad, or from public or private research centers"

-"IslamicAzad University, Qazvin, Iran"

-"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego"

-"The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Israel"

-"GRASP Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 3330 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA"

-"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha"

-"Vision Systems, Inc"

-"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr za ska cesta"

-"Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Japan"

-"DCMandB, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA 4 SCS, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"

-"Cognitive Arti cial Intelligence, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 6, 3584 CD, Utrecht"

-"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, PA, USA"

-"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland"

-"Sathyabama University Old Mamallapuram Road, Chennai, India"

-"Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"

-"China-Singapore Institute of Digital Media, Singapore"

-"University of Notre Dame, 2IIIT-Delhi"

-"Image Processing Center, Beihang University"

-"Caarmel Engineering College, MG University, Kerala, India"

-"DESTEC, FLSHR Mohammed V University-Agdal, Rabat, Morocco"

-College of Computer Science and Technology

-"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, UK"

-"University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Trzaska 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"

-"Iftm University, Moradabad-244001 U.P"

-"Biometric and Image Processing Lab, University of Salerno, Italy"

-"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University"

-Northeastern University 2Microsoft Research 3City University of New York

-"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2Facebook Applied Machine Learning, 3Dartmouth College"

-"University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA"

-"University of Technology, Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"

-c(cid:176) Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2006. All rights reserved

-"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2G4, Canada"

-"University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA"

-"University Hospital Jena, Germany"

-"RGPV University, Indore"

-Facebook 4Texas AandM University 5IBM Research

-"Mancha, Spain, Imperial College, London, UK"

-"Division of Information and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea"

-"University of Zaragoza, Spain"

-"Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute Company Limited, Hong Kong, China"

-"University of Florence, Italy"

-"Key Laboratory of Machine Perception, Peking University, Beijing"

-"K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, Namakkal, TamilNadu, India"

-"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong Institute of Business and Technology"

-"College of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China"

-"University of Cambridge, UK 2Carnegie Mellon University, USA"

-"Amsterdam; and 3Center for Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, University of Amsterdam"

-"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr a ka cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"

-"University of Waterloo, Waterloo ON N2L3G1, Canada"

-"Bo gazic i University, Istanbul, Turkey"

-"Human-friendly Welfare Robotic System Engineering Research Center, KAIST"

-"Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"

-Gangnung-Wonju National University

-"School of Computer Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China"

-"The School of Electrical Electronic and Control Engineering, Kongju National University"

-Taizhou University

-"Technical University in Prague, 166 27 Prague 6, Technick a 2 Czech Republic"

-"ECE dept, University of Miami"

-"Qihoo 360 AI Institute, Beijing, China"

-University of California at Berkeley

-"Institute of Arti cial Intelligence and Cognitive Engineering (ALICE), University of Groningen"

-"Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstr. 38, 72076 T bingen, Germany"

-Research Center and Laboratoire

-"EECS, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA"

-"University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory, UK"

-Moradabad Institute of Technology

-"ITCS, Tsinghua University"

-"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone"

-"Dnyanopasak College Parbhani, M.S, India"

-"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran"

-"School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University"

-"Francis Xavier Engineering College, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India"

-Palo Alto Research Center (PARC

-"Universit  Paris-Dauphine, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR"

-"Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo"

-"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi an 710071 China"

-"National Tsing-Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan"

-"BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"

-"University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str., Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany"

-"S J B Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"

-"ITEE, The University of Queensland, Australia"

-"ECE, National University of Singapore, Singapore"

-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute

-"UC Lab, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si 446-701, Korea"

-"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong"

-"Computer Science and Engineering, Anna University, India"

-"QCIS Centre, FEIT, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"

-"Software, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China, 4 School of Statistics, Capital University of"

-"Intelligent Systems Group, University of Groningen, The Netherlands"

-Curtin University of Technology

-"f Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania"

-"Chandigarh Engg. College, Mohali, Punjab, India"

-"Rm 1365, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA"

-"Tsinghua-CUHK Joint Research Center for Media Sciences, Technologies and Systems"

-"Human Computer Interaction Lab., Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Korea"

-"School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire"

-"Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA"

-"MES College of Engineering, Kuttippuram"

-"Korean Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Korea"

-"Final Year Student, M.Tech IT, Vel Tech Dr. RR andDr. SR Technical University, Chennai"

-"School of Computer Science, The University of Nottingham"

-"USC Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), Los Angeles, CA"

-via Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2014.2367321. Please refer to

-"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"

-University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt - CASED

-Sponsors: Machine Intelligence Research Labs (MIR Labs

-"Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 22 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"

-"Birkbeck College, University of London"

-"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, P.R.China"

-"iMinds - Ghent University, Technologiepark 15, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"

-"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. 2Advanced Digital Sciences Center, Singapore"

-"University of California, Los Angeles"

-"Institute of Computing, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil, e-mail: ander"

-"School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University"

-"RGPV University, Indore"

-"School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom"

-"M.Tech Scholar, MES College of Engineering, Kuttippuram"

-"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"

-"LITIS EA 4108-QuantIF Team, University of Rouen, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France"

-"Exploratory Computer Vision Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center"

-"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr za ska cesta"

-"K.S.R. College Of Engineering, Tiruchengode, India"

-"Lab, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK. 3Clinical"

-"University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai"

-"Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan, Zhengzhou, 450000, P.R. China"

-yAristotle University of Thessaloniki

-"School of Data Science, Fudan University, China"

-University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt - CASED

-"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone"

-"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University"

-"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2Facebook Applied Machine Learning, 3Dartmouth College"

-"Chandigarh Engg. College, Mohali, Punjab, India"

-"RoboticsResearchGroup, UniversityofOxford, Oxford, UK"

-"Faculty of EEMCS, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"

-China University of Mining and Technol

-"University of Technology, Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"

-"The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Israel"

-Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other

-"QCIS Centre, FEIT, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"

-"School of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Peking University"

-"Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"

-"Human Computer Interaction Lab., Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Korea"

-University of Washington and Google Inc

-Imperial College London / Twente University

-c(cid:176) Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2006. All rights reserved

-"University of Zaragoza, Spain"

-"Siemens Corporate Research, 755 College Road East, Princeton, NJ"

-"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwestern University, Xi an710127, Shanxi, China"

-Mme Tinne Tuytelaars Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

-"Key Lab. of Machine Perception, School of EECS, Peking University, China"

-"Dartmouth College, 6211 Sudiko  Lab, Hanover, NH 03755, USA"

-"School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK"

-"Shaoguan University, Da Tang Lu"

-"International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"

-"Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey"

-"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwestern University, Xi an710127, Shanxi, China"

-"Computer Science Division, The Open University of Israel, Israel"

-Mans eld College

-"PanimalarInstitute of Technology, Tamilnadu, India"

-"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"

-"University of Lincoln, School of Computer Science, U.K"

-"School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University"

-"Research Center  E. Piaggio , University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, 2 Faculty of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"

-"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanc  University,  stanbul, Turkey"

-"P.G. Student, SRV Engineering College, sembodai, India"

-"Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University"

-Ho Chi Minh City University of Science

-"School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide, Australia"

-"Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Signal Processing Institute"

-"School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University"

-"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, 100871, China"

-"Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo"

-"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong Institute of Business and Technology"

-"in signed languages, including American Sign Language (ASL). Gestures such"

-"Science and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 3 SYSU-CMU Shunde International"

-"BECS, Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Finland"

-"College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"

-"State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"

-"Amazon, Inc"

-"Correspondence should be addressed to: Astrid C. Homan, University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein"

-Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratory

-"Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom, 3 Abertawe Bro-Morgannwg"

-"Laboratory, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"

-"Exploratory Computer Vision Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center"

-"The school of Data Science, Fudan University"

-College of Image Arts and Sciences

-"RoboticsResearchGroup, UniversityofOxford, Oxford, UK"

-"b Computer Science, School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney"

-Australian National University and NICTA

-"Rowland Institute at Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"

-"GRASP Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 3330 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA"

-"Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"

-"Rm 1365, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA"

-"Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland"

-"Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea"

-c(cid:13)The Chinese University of Hong Kong

-"cid:63) Faculty of Computing, Information Systems and Mathematics, Kingston University London"

-"Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"

-Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies in Identity Sciences (IISIS

-"Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta"

-"ITCS, Tsinghua University"

-"Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 561-844, Rep"

-A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements

-"Universit  Paris-Dauphine, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR"

-"University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str., Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany"

-University of California at Berkeley / ICSI

-"ECE, National University of Singapore, Singapore"

-"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of"

-This work was supported in part by National Institute of Mental Health Award R01 MH 087610 to T.E

-"Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea"

-"Deprtment of Computer Science and Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering, India"

-"City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China"

-"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, P.R.China"

-"West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America, 2. IIIT Delhi, New Delhi"

-"Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"

-"S J B Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"

-"School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"

-"Principal, Chaithanya Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kakinada, AP, India"

-"K.S.R. College Of Engineering, Tiruchengode, India"

-"Institute of Arti cial Intelligence and Cognitive Engineering (ALICE), University of Groningen"

-"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology"

-Formerly: Texas AandM University

-"IslamicAzad University, Qazvin, Iran"

-K. N. Toosi University of

-"Key Lab. of Machine Perception, School of EECS, Peking University, China"

-"School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University"

-"USC Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), Los Angeles, CA"

-Achariya college of Engineering Technology

-"School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"

-"Tsinghua-CUHK Joint Research Center for Media Sciences, Technologies and Systems"

-"Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain"

-"Bo gazic i University, Istanbul, Turkey"

-Research Center and Laboratoire

-"Division of Information and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea"

-"UniversityofMaryland, CollegePark, MD"

-"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"

-"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"

-"Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"

-"Middlesex University London, 4International Hellenic University"

-"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. 2Advanced Digital Sciences Center, Singapore"

-University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt - CASED

-"Computer Science and Engineering, Anna University, India"

-"International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"

-"University of Notre Dame, 2IIIT-Delhi"

-"Alin Moldoveanu, Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest"

-IBM China Research Lab

-"cid:2) Imperial College London, United Kingdom"

-"Indian Institute of Technology, Madras"

-"CVSSP, University of Surrey"

-Curtin University of Technology

-"SICE, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications. 2Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University"

-German Research Center for Arti cial Intelligence (DFKI

-"Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA"

-"Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular"

-Research Center for Information

-"Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong"

-"Image Processing Center, Beihang University"

-"University of Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 585, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"

-"California State University, Fullerton, USA"

-"School of Information Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, China"

-"Games Studio, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney"

-"Interactive and Digital Media Institute, National University of Singapore, SG"

-"University of Technology, Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"

-"National Tsing-Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan"

-"f Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania"

-"DPDCE, University IUAV, Santa Croce 1957, 30135 Venice, Italy"

-"National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan"

-"School of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Peking University"

-"School of IoT Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China"

-"School of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"

-"Tsinghua University, State Key Lab. of Intelligent"

-"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia"

-"Institute of Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany"

-"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran"

-"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone"

-"Computer Vision Group, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany"

-"University of Pisa, Largo Lucio"

-"Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Portugal"

-B.S. (Cornell University

-"Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, McGovern Institute, MIT"

-Facebook 4Texas AandM University 5IBM Research

-National Taiwan University of Science and

-"Engineering, G.H.Raisoni College of Engineering"

-"Human Computer Interaction Lab., Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Korea"

-"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of High Performance Data Mining, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology"

-"and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution"

-"Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"

-"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, China"

-"Universiteit van Amsterdam, Roeterstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"

-"Deparment of Computer Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK"

-"Jawaharlal Technological University, Anantapur"

-"School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK"

-China University of Mining and Technol

-"KAUST1, University of Amsterdam2, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc"

-"Language and Brain Lab, Simon Fraser University, Canada"

-Mme Tinne Tuytelaars Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

-"Center for Automation Research, UMIACS, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA"

-"P. O. Box 4500 Fin-90014 University of Oulu, Finland"

-"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University"

-"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology"

-"UC Lab, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si 446-701, Korea"

-Massachusettes Institute of Technology

-Submitted to the Institute for Graduate Studies in

-"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr za ska cesta"

-"Held at R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, Maharastra, India"

-"bDiscipline of Business Analytics, The University of Sydney Business School"

-"Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire"

-"QCIS Centre, FEIT, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"

-"Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KGZD-EW-T03), and project MMT-8115038 of the Shun Hing Institute of"

-Sponsors: Machine Intelligence Research Labs (MIR Labs

-"Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, UK"

-"Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, INDIA"

-"China-Singapore Institute of Digital Media, Singapore"

-Datta Meghe College of Engineering

-"College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"

-"Institute for Vision and Graphics, University of Siegen, Germany"

-"Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran"

-"The Open University of Israel, Israel"

-Nanjing University of Science and

-"School of Mathematical Science, Peking University, China"

-"University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain"

-"Human-friendly Welfare Robotic System Engineering Research Center, KAIST"

-University of California at Berkeley / ICSI

-"Universiteit van Amsterdam, Roeterstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"

-University of California at Berkeley

-"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland"

-"School of Computing, Staffordshire University"

-"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China. 2School of"

-"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology"

-"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2Facebook Applied Machine Learning, 3Dartmouth College"

-"Information Engineering, P. O. Box 4500 FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland"

-Max Planck Institute f ur biologische Kybernetik

-"Games Studio, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney"

-"Engineering, University of Dundee"

-"Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom, 3 Abertawe Bro-Morgannwg"

-"Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan, Zhengzhou, 450000, P.R. China"

-"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Medical College, Song Shan Hu"

-"VSB Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic"

-Mme Tinne Tuytelaars Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

-A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements

-"Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan"

-"abroad, or from public or private research centers"

-This work was supported in part by National Institute of Mental Health Award R01 MH 087610 to T.E

-"Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"

-"Australian National University, and NICTA"

-"GRASP Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 3330 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA"

-and the institute of engineering and science

-"Deparment of Computer Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK"

-"aDivision of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA"

-"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences"

-"DPDCE, University IUAV, Santa Croce 1957, 30135 Venice, Italy"

-Sponsors: Machine Intelligence Research Labs (MIR Labs

-"Qihoo 360 AI Institute, Beijing, China"

-"State Research Institute of Aviation Systems (GosNIIAS), Moscow, Russia"

-"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanc  University,  stanbul, Turkey"

-"Center for Information Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"

-"Alin Moldoveanu, Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest"

-"City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China"

-"Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"

-"College of Medicine, Seoul National University"

-"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, China"

-"University  Politehnica  of Bucharest, Romania, Address Splaiul Independent ei"

-Submitted to the Institute for Graduate Studies in

-"PanimalarInstitute of Technology, Tamilnadu, India"

-"Engineering Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Blvd. Benito Ju rez"

-"LITIS EA 4108-QuantIF Team, University of Rouen, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France"

-"University of Zaragoza, Spain"

-"Shaoguan University, Da Tang Lu"

-"Rm 1365, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA"

-"California State University, Fullerton, USA"

-"ZHAW Datalab, Zurich University of Applied Sciences"

-University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt - CASED

-"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"

-"University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Trzaska 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"

-"School of Computer Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China"

-"School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"

-"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran"

-"The School of Electrical Electronic and Control Engineering, Kongju National University"

-"to process in all the illumination conditions, including total"

-Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratory

-"Grad. School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University"

-"Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136 119, Haryana, INDIA"

-"School of Information Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, China"

-"School of Info. and Commu. Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications"

-"M.Tech Scholar, MES College of Engineering, Kuttippuram"

-Northeastern University 2Microsoft Research 3City University of New York

-Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST

-"Institute of Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany"

-"University of Notre Dame, 2IIIT-Delhi"

-"Research Center  E. Piaggio , University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, 2 Faculty of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"

-"IBM Watson Research Center, Armonk, NY, USA"

-"Middlesex University London, 4International Hellenic University"

-Australian National University and NICTA

-"UniversityofMaryland, CollegePark, MD"

-"University of Freiburg, Instit ut f ur Informatik"

-"Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 22 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"

-"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego"

-"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, SG"

-"Intelligent Systems Group, University of Groningen, The Netherlands"

-"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University"

-"School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University"

-"School of Mathematical Science, Peking University, China"

-"KAUST1, University of Amsterdam2, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc"

-"Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada"

-"International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"

-"Image Processing Center, Beihang University"

-"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of"

-Dalle Molle Institute for Arti cial Intelligence

-"Dnyanopasak College Parbhani, M.S, India"

-"Current Address: Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam"

-IBM China Research Lab

-"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of High Performance Data Mining, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology"

-"The Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), German Aerospace Center"

-Nanjing University of Science and

-"SRI International, Menlo Park California / *Brooklyn College, Brooklyn New York"

-"Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Utrecht, The"

-"Tsinghua University, State Key Lab. of Intelligent"

-"Chandigarh Engg. College, Mohali, Punjab, India"

-"Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab on Speech and Image Information Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi an, China"

-University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW

-"School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire"

-"RGPV University, Indore"

-"P. O. Box 4500 Fin-90014 University of Oulu, Finland"

-University of Washington and Google Inc

-"United States of America, State University of New York Albany, Albany"

-"engineering, Government College of Engineering Kannur, Kerala, India"

-"RoboticsResearchGroup, UniversityofOxford, Oxford, UK"

-facultyofmathematicsandnaturalsciencesarti cialintelligence22-09-2016|1ATitleA.UthorRijksuniversiteitGroningenSomeFaculty

-"UC Lab, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si 446-701, Korea"

-"Nokia Research Center, Tampere, Finland"

-"Technical University in Prague, 166 27 Prague 6, Technick a 2 Czech Republic"

-Research Center for Information

-Research Center  E. Piaggio

-"The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, PA, USA"

-"Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"

-"School of Computer Science, The University of Nottingham"

-"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, PA, USA"

-B.S. (Cornell University

-"Lab, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK. 3Clinical"

-Taizhou University

-"Center for Cognitive Ubiquitous Computing, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"

-"LIP6, UPMC - Sorbonne University, Paris, France"

-"School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, China"

-"Sorbonne Universit s, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France"

-"Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA"

-"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"

-"Biometric and Image Processing Lab, University of Salerno, Italy"

-"ITEE, The University of Queensland, Australia"

-"Interdisciplinary Program in Visual Information Processing, Korea University, Seoul, Korea"

-"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China"

-PES Modern College of Engg

-Facebook 4Texas AandM University 5IBM Research

-"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P.R. China"

-"University Hospital Jena, Germany"

-"GREYC UMR CNRS 6072 ENSICAEN-Image Team, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, 6 Boulevard Mar echal Juin"

-"b School of Business, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland"

-University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research

-COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Wah Cantt

-Moradabad Institute of Technology

-via Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2014.2367321. Please refer to

-"Samsung RandD Institute America - Dallas, 1301 East Lookout Drive, Richardson, TX 75082, USA"

-Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other

-"Federal Institute of Science and Technology, Mookkannoor"

-"Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute Company Limited, Hong Kong, China"

-"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Henan, Nanyang, 473000, P.R"

-"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"

-"Laboratory, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"

-"College of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing"

-State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS

-National Taiwan University of Science and

-"Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"

-"School of IoT Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China"

-"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology"

-"Center for Automation Research, UMIACS, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA"

-Malaviya National Institute of Technology

-"School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University"

-"Advanced Digital Sciences Center (ADSC), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Singapore"

-"Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, INDIA"

-"Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo"

-"Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"

-Formerly: Texas AandM University

-"USC Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), Los Angeles, CA"

-University of Chinese Academy of

-"College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology"

-"School of Automation, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"

-"Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"

-"Francis Xavier Engineering College, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India"

-"and IBUG [32]. All of them cover large variations, including different"

-"Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics School, Flinders University, Australia"

-"Bo gazic i University, Istanbul, Turkey"

-"University of the South Paci c, Fiji"

-"and 2Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708"

-"Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, India"

-Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies in Identity Sciences (IISIS

-"DCMandB, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA 4 SCS, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"

-Achariya college of Engineering Technology

-Shandong Women s University

-"Interactive and Digital Media Institute, National University of Singapore, SG"

-"University of Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 585, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"

-"Language and Brain Lab, Simon Fraser University, Canada"

-"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China"

-"Paran a Federal University, Curitiba, Brazil"

-"National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"

-"University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory, UK"

-"School of Computer Science, The University of Manchester"

-"USA, 2Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine"

-B.S. University of Indonesia

-"Jawaharlal Technological University, Anantapur"

-"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of"

-"Key Laboratory of Machine Perception, Peking University, Beijing"

-"State Key Lab of CADandCG, College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"

-"Toyota College, 2-1 Eisei, Toyota-shi, Aichi, 471-8525 Japan"

-"Dartmouth College, 6211 Sudiko  Lab, Hanover, NH 03755, USA"

-"Vision Systems, Inc"

-c(cid:176) Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2006. All rights reserved

-China University of Mining and Technol

-"ECE dept, University of Miami"

-"University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R.China"

-"CAS), Institute of Computing Technology, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"

-Mans eld College

-"P.G. Student, SRV Engineering College, sembodai, India"

-"f Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania"

-"School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, UK"

-"Learning Systems Group, California Institute of Technology"

-Curtin University of Technology

-"The school of Data Science, Fudan University"

-"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong"

-"Division of Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA e-mail"

-"School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom"

-"School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"

-"CollegePark, MD"

-"Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, UK"

-"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia"

-"Rowland Institute at Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"

-"National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Arnesano, LE, Italy"

-"Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"

-"PG Scholar, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India"

-"School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK"

-"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone"

-"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2G4, Canada"

-"EECS, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA"

-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Rapporteur

-"Software, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China, 4 School of Statistics, Capital University of"

-"Science and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 3 SYSU-CMU Shunde International"

-"Sathyabama University Old Mamallapuram Road, Chennai, India"

-"University of Oradea 410087, Universitatii 1, Romania"

-"Heilongjiang University, College of Computer Science and Technology, China"

-"Faculty of Computer Science, University of A Coru na, Coru na, Spain"

-"University of Cambridge, UK 2Carnegie Mellon University, USA"

-"Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea"

-"Final Year Student, M.Tech IT, Vel Tech Dr. RR andDr. SR Technical University, Chennai"

-"VISILAB group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, E.T.S.I.Industriales, Avda. Camilo Jose Cela s.n, 13071 Spain"

-"Korean Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Korea"

-"IIIT-Delhi, India, 2West Virginia University"

-"Key Lab. of Machine Perception, School of EECS, Peking University, China"

-"and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution"

-"School of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"

-"Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Japan"

-"Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire"

-"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, 100871, China"

-"Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"

-"School of Data Science, Fudan University, China"

-"Institute of Deep Learning, Baidu Research"

-"Faculty of Information Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"

-"School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, P.R. China"

-"Human Computer Interaction Lab., Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Korea"

-"Center for Computational Biomedicine Imaging and Modeling Center, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ"

-"NEC Laboratories America, Inc"

-"b Computer Science, School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney"

-Northwestern University) to T.E. We thank Vincent De Gardelle for helpful comments on an earlier version of

-"University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str., Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany"

-"Siemens Corporate Research, 755 College Road East, Princeton, NJ"

-"cid:2) Imperial College London, United Kingdom"

-"Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA"

-Moradabad Institute of Technology

-"Narayana Pharmacy College, Nellore, India"

-"LIP6, UPMC - Sorbonne University, Paris, France"

-"University of California, Los Angeles"

-"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China. 2School of"

-yAristotle University of Thessaloniki

-"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi"

-"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha"

-University of Washington and Google Inc

-"Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"

-"Heilongjiang University, College of Computer Science and Technology, China"

-Vector Institute for Arti cial Intelligence

-"Software, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China, 4 School of Statistics, Capital University of"

-"Global Big Data Technologies Centre (GBDTC), University of Technology Sydney, Australia"

-"Samsung RandD Institute America - Dallas, 1301 East Lookout Drive, Richardson, TX 75082, USA"

-"Research Institute, 138 Gajeongno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-700, Republic of Korea"

-"Institute of Systems and Robotics - University of Coimbra, Portugal"

-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute

-"Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, UK"

-A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements

-"Pompeu Fabra University, Spain"

-"Australian National University, and NICTA"

-"International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"

-"Center for Cognitive Ubiquitous Computing, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"

-"BECS, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland"

-"NEC Laboratories America, Inc"

-"Caarmel Engineering College, MG University, Kerala, India"

-Malaviya National Institute of Technology

-"Faculty of Computer Science, Mathematics, and Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands"

-"DPDCE, University IUAV, Santa Croce 1957, 30135 Venice, Italy"

-"EECS, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA"

-"University of Waterloo, Waterloo ON N2L3G1, Canada"

-K. N. Toosi University of

-"University  Politehnica  of Bucharest, Romania, Address Splaiul Independent ei"

-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Rapporteur

-"Chandigarh Engg. College, Mohali, Punjab, India"

-"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr za ska cesta"

-"Human-friendly Welfare Robotic System Engineering Research Center, KAIST"

-B.S. (Cornell University

-"QCIS Centre, FEIT, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"

-"L3S Research Center, Hannover, Germany"

-"College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology"

-"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University"

-"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"

-"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego"

-"The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, PA, USA"

-yThe University of Tokyo

-"Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan, Zhengzhou, 450000, P.R. China"

-"Shaoguan University, Da Tang Lu"

-"University Hospital Jena, Germany"

-"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2Facebook Applied Machine Learning, 3Dartmouth College"

-University of California at Berkeley / ICSI

-"University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory, UK"

-"School of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"

-"Federal University Technology Akure, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria"

-Max Planck Institute f ur biologische Kybernetik

-"Learning Systems Group, California Institute of Technology"

-"Universiteit van Amsterdam, Roeterstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands"

-"Vision Systems, Inc"

-"ZHAW Datalab, Zurich University of Applied Sciences"

-"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Water Resources University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"

-"School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire"

-B.S. University of Indonesia

-"University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Trzaska 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"

-"School of Automation, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"

-"University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA"

-"RoboticsResearchGroup, UniversityofOxford, Oxford, UK"

-"University of Queensland, School of ITEE, QLD 4072, Australia"

-"IslamicAzad University, Qazvin, Iran"

-"Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom"

-"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, China"

-"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, UK"

-"United States of America, State University of New York Albany, Albany, New York"

-"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ"

-University of California at Berkeley

-Formerly: Texas AandM University

-"University of Pisa, Largo Lucio"

-"Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran"

-"Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom, 3 Abertawe Bro-Morgannwg"

-"Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3904, USA"

-"Institute for Vision and Graphics, University of Siegen, Germany"

-"Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Portugal"

-"University of Notre Dame, 2IIIT-Delhi"

-College of Computer Science and Technology

-China University of Mining and Technol

-"Universit  Paris-Dauphine, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR"

-"Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong"

-"Interdisciplinary Program in Visual Information Processing, Korea University, Seoul, Korea"

-"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. 2Advanced Digital Sciences Center, Singapore"

-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute

-"SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai-603 203, Tamilnadu, India"

-"Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"

-"Iftm University, Moradabad-244001 U.P"

-"Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136 119, Haryana, INDIA"

-"Exploratory Computer Vision Group, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center"

-"CAS), Institute of Computing Technology, CAS, Beijing 100190, China"

-"University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA"

-"Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3904, USA"

-"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, China"

-"Samsung RandD Institute America - Dallas, 1301 East Lookout Drive, Richardson, TX 75082, USA"

-"Division of Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA e-mail"

-"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanc  University,  stanbul, Turkey"

-"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong Institute of Business and Technology"

-"School of Computing, Staffordshire University"

-University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research

-Northeastern University 2Microsoft Research 3City University of New York

-"National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"

-"Computer Vision Group, L. D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India"

-"Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 22 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark"

-University of Chinese Academy of

-Max Planck Institute f ur biologische Kybernetik

-"ZHAW Datalab, Zurich University of Applied Sciences"

-"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong"

-"University of Queensland, School of ITEE, QLD 4072, Australia"

-University of California at Berkeley / ICSI

-"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University"

-"Grad. School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University"

-"Faculty of Computer Science, University of A Coru na, Coru na, Spain"

-"Korean Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Korea"

-"University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea"

-"University of Oradea 410087, Universitatii 1, Romania"

-"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China. 2School of"

-"Research Center CENTIA, Electronics and Mechatronics"

-Palo Alto Research Center (PARC

-"Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"

-"Center for Information Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"

-"bDiscipline of Business Analytics, The University of Sydney Business School"

-"Image Processing Center, Beihang University"

-"School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, UK"

-"Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"

-"Amsterdam; and 3Center for Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, University of Amsterdam"

-"Center for Automation Research (CfAR), University of Maryland, College Park, MD"

-"Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab on Speech and Image Information Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi an, China"

-"IBM Watson Research Center, Armonk, NY, USA"

-"EECS, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA"

-PES Modern College of Engg

-"ECE dept, University of Miami"

-"School of Computer Science, The University of Manchester"

-"P.G. Student, SRV Engineering College, sembodai, India"

-"Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong"

-"EEMCS, University of Twente Enschede, The Netherlands"

-"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr za ska cesta"

-"RoboticsResearchGroup, UniversityofOxford, Oxford, UK"

-"Key Laboratory of Machine Perception, Peking University, Beijing"

-"State Key Lab of CADandCG, College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"

-"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, China"

-"School of Info. and Commu. Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications"

-"Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey"

-"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"

-A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements

-"Lab, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK. 3Clinical"

-"Amsterdam; and 3Center for Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, University of Amsterdam"

-"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong"

-"P. O. Box 4500 FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland"

-"Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea"

-"National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Arnesano, LE, Italy"

-"School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK"

-"Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA"

-"Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"

-University of Washington and Google Inc

-"RoboticsResearchGroup, UniversityofOxford, Oxford, UK"

-"College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"

-"Software, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China, 4 School of Statistics, Capital University of"

-"Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics School, Flinders University, Australia"

-"Dep. of Applied Mathematics and Analysis, University of Barcelona, Spain"

-"Dnyanopasak College Parbhani, M.S, India"

-"ISTMT, University of Tunis El Manar Address: 9, Rue Docteur Zouhe r Safi   1006; 3Faculty of Medicine of Tunis; Address"

-"Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 561-844, Rep"

-"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Medical College, Song Shan Hu"

-"Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA"

-"Toyota College, 2-1 Eisei, Toyota-shi, Aichi, 471-8525 Japan"

-"M.Tech Scholar, MES College of Engineering, Kuttippuram"

-"Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular"

-"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"

-"National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan"

-"DSP Lab, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"

-"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Water Resources University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"

-"EEMCS, University of Twente Enschede, The Netherlands"

-"Computer Vision Group, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany"

-"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, PA, USA"

-"cid:2) Imperial College London, United Kingdom"

-"BECS, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland"

-"Laboratory, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"

-Research Center and Laboratoire

-"Software, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China, 4 School of Statistics, Capital University of"

-"MES College of Engineering, Kuttippuram"

-"University of the South Paci c, Fiji"

-"Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Utrecht, The"

-"College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"

-"EECS, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA"

-"Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, UK"

-"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr za ska cesta"

-"Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"

-"Visual Computing and Communications Lab, Arizona State University"

-"Research Reports of CMP, Czech Technical University in Prague, No"

-"Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA"

-"Games Studio, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney"

-and the institute of engineering and science

-"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, 100871, China"

-"Institute of Computing, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil, e-mail: ander"

-"Computer Science Division, The Open University of Israel, Israel"

-University of Washington and Google Inc

-"College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology"

-State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS

-"Computer Vision Research Group, COMSATS Institute of Information"

-"Tsinghua-CUHK Joint Research Center for Media Sciences, Technologies and Systems"

-"School of Computer Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China"

-"University of Maryland, College Park; 2Arizona State University; 3Xerox Research Centre"

-"Faculty of Computer Science, University of A Coru na, Coru na, Spain"

-"S J B Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"

-"University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai"

-"Technology, Nanjing University of Aero"

-Northwestern University) to T.E. We thank Vincent De Gardelle for helpful comments on an earlier version of

-"LITIS EA 4108-QuantIF Team, University of Rouen, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France"

-"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, UK"

-"Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo"

-"Federal University Technology Akure, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria"

-"University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str., Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany"

-"Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand"

-"ECE, National University of Singapore, Singapore"

-"ECE dept, University of Miami"

-Datta Meghe College of Engineering

-"University Hospital Jena, Germany"

-"University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Trzaska 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"

-"Interdisciplinary Program in Visual Information Processing, Korea University, Seoul, Korea"

-"Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran"

-"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, P.R.China"

-"b School of Business, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland"

-"Cognitive Arti cial Intelligence, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 6, 3584 CD, Utrecht"

-"Siemens Corporate Research, 755 College Road East, Princeton, NJ"

-"B.S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai-48, India"

-"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, China"

-"School of Computer Science, The University of Nottingham"

-"Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"

-"cid:63) Faculty of Computing, Information Systems and Mathematics, Kingston University London"

-c(cid:176) Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2006. All rights reserved

-"Research Center  E. Piaggio , University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, 2 Faculty of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"

-COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Wah Cantt

-"The Open University of Israel, Israel"

-"State Research Institute of Aviation Systems (GosNIIAS), Moscow, Russia"

-"Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213. USA"

-"Amazon, Inc"

-"Jawaharlal Technological University, Anantapur"

-Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies in Identity Sciences (IISIS

-"Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"

-"Adobe Systems, Inc., 345 Park Ave, San Jose, CA"

-"aSchool of Technology, University of Campinas"

-"Center for Research in Computer Vision (CRCV), University of Central Florida (UCF"

-"Intelligent Systems Group, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, 3508 TB, Utrecht"

-"State Key Lab. LIESMARS, Wuhan University, China"

-"School of Computer Science, University of Adelaide, Australia"

-"Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University"

-"Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"

-Digital Media Research Center

-"School of Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"

-"Lab of Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"

-"Institute for Information Technology and Communications (IIKT), Otto-von-Guericke-University"

-Institute of Automatic Control Engineering (LSR

-"Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"

-"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, M5S 3G4, Canada"

-"Ultra College of Engineering and Technology for Women, India"

-"Y ld z Teknik University, Istanbul, TR"

-"School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada"

-"Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK"

-"cid:130) Computer Perception Lab, California State University, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA"

-"Computer vision and Remote Sensing, Berlin university of Technology"

-"Electrical, Electronics and Automation Section, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Spanish Institute"