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+# Async.js
+
+Async is a utility module which provides straight-forward, powerful functions
+for working with asynchronous JavaScript. Although originally designed for
+use with [node.js](http://nodejs.org), it can also be used directly in the
+browser.
+
+Async provides around 20 functions that include the usual 'functional'
+suspects (map, reduce, filter, forEach…) as well as some common patterns
+for asynchronous control flow (parallel, series, waterfall…). All these
+functions assume you follow the node.js convention of providing a single
+callback as the last argument of your async function.
+
+
+## Quick Examples
+
+ async.map(['file1','file2','file3'], fs.stat, function(err, results){
+ // results is now an array of stats for each file
+ });
+
+ async.filter(['file1','file2','file3'], path.exists, function(results){
+ // results now equals an array of the existing files
+ });
+
+ async.parallel([
+ function(){ ... },
+ function(){ ... }
+ ], callback);
+
+ async.series([
+ function(){ ... },
+ function(){ ... }
+ ]);
+
+There are many more functions available so take a look at the docs below for a
+full list. This module aims to be comprehensive, so if you feel anything is
+missing please create a GitHub issue for it.
+
+
+## Download
+
+Releases are available for download from
+[GitHub](http://github.com/caolan/async/downloads).
+Alternatively, you can install using Node Package Manager (npm):
+
+ npm install async
+
+
+__Development:__ [async.js](https://github.com/caolan/async/raw/master/lib/async.js) - 17.5kb Uncompressed
+
+__Production:__ [async.min.js](https://github.com/caolan/async/raw/master/dist/async.min.js) - 1.7kb Packed and Gzipped
+
+
+## In the Browser
+
+So far its been tested in IE6, IE7, IE8, FF3.6 and Chrome 5. Usage:
+
+ <script type="text/javascript" src="async.js"></script>
+ <script type="text/javascript">
+
+ async.map(data, asyncProcess, function(err, results){
+ alert(results);
+ });
+
+ </script>
+
+
+## Documentation
+
+### Collections
+
+* [forEach](#forEach)
+* [map](#map)
+* [filter](#filter)
+* [reject](#reject)
+* [reduce](#reduce)
+* [detect](#detect)
+* [sortBy](#sortBy)
+* [some](#some)
+* [every](#every)
+* [concat](#concat)
+
+### Control Flow
+
+* [series](#series)
+* [parallel](#parallel)
+* [whilst](#whilst)
+* [until](#until)
+* [waterfall](#waterfall)
+* [queue](#queue)
+* [auto](#auto)
+* [iterator](#iterator)
+* [apply](#apply)
+* [nextTick](#nextTick)
+
+### Utils
+
+* [memoize](#memoize)
+* [unmemoize](#unmemoize)
+* [log](#log)
+* [dir](#dir)
+* [noConflict](#noConflict)
+
+
+## Collections
+
+<a name="forEach" />
+### forEach(arr, iterator, callback)
+
+Applies an iterator function to each item in an array, in parallel.
+The iterator is called with an item from the list and a callback for when it
+has finished. If the iterator passes an error to this callback, the main
+callback for the forEach function is immediately called with the error.
+
+Note, that since this function applies the iterator to each item in parallel
+there is no guarantee that the iterator functions will complete in order.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* arr - An array to iterate over.
+* iterator(item, callback) - A function to apply to each item in the array.
+ The iterator is passed a callback which must be called once it has completed.
+* callback(err) - A callback which is called after all the iterator functions
+ have finished, or an error has occurred.
+
+__Example__
+
+ // assuming openFiles is an array of file names and saveFile is a function
+ // to save the modified contents of that file:
+
+ async.forEach(openFiles, saveFile, function(err){
+ // if any of the saves produced an error, err would equal that error
+ });
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="forEachSeries" />
+### forEachSeries(arr, iterator, callback)
+
+The same as forEach only the iterator is applied to each item in the array in
+series. The next iterator is only called once the current one has completed
+processing. This means the iterator functions will complete in order.
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="forEachLimit" />
+### forEachLimit(arr, limit, iterator, callback)
+
+The same as forEach only the iterator is applied to batches of items in the
+array, in series. The next batch of iterators is only called once the current
+one has completed processing.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* arr - An array to iterate over.
+* limit - How many items should be in each batch.
+* iterator(item, callback) - A function to apply to each item in the array.
+ The iterator is passed a callback which must be called once it has completed.
+* callback(err) - A callback which is called after all the iterator functions
+ have finished, or an error has occurred.
+
+__Example__
+
+ // Assume documents is an array of JSON objects and requestApi is a
+ // function that interacts with a rate-limited REST api.
+
+ async.forEachLimit(documents, 20, requestApi, function(err){
+ // if any of the saves produced an error, err would equal that error
+ });
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="map" />
+### map(arr, iterator, callback)
+
+Produces a new array of values by mapping each value in the given array through
+the iterator function. The iterator is called with an item from the array and a
+callback for when it has finished processing. The callback takes 2 arguments,
+an error and the transformed item from the array. If the iterator passes an
+error to this callback, the main callback for the map function is immediately
+called with the error.
+
+Note, that since this function applies the iterator to each item in parallel
+there is no guarantee that the iterator functions will complete in order, however
+the results array will be in the same order as the original array.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* arr - An array to iterate over.
+* iterator(item, callback) - A function to apply to each item in the array.
+ The iterator is passed a callback which must be called once it has completed
+ with an error (which can be null) and a transformed item.
+* callback(err, results) - A callback which is called after all the iterator
+ functions have finished, or an error has occurred. Results is an array of the
+ transformed items from the original array.
+
+__Example__
+
+ async.map(['file1','file2','file3'], fs.stat, function(err, results){
+ // results is now an array of stats for each file
+ });
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="mapSeries" />
+### mapSeries(arr, iterator, callback)
+
+The same as map only the iterator is applied to each item in the array in
+series. The next iterator is only called once the current one has completed
+processing. The results array will be in the same order as the original.
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="filter" />
+### filter(arr, iterator, callback)
+
+__Alias:__ select
+
+Returns a new array of all the values which pass an async truth test.
+_The callback for each iterator call only accepts a single argument of true or
+false, it does not accept an error argument first!_ This is in-line with the
+way node libraries work with truth tests like path.exists. This operation is
+performed in parallel, but the results array will be in the same order as the
+original.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* arr - An array to iterate over.
+* iterator(item, callback) - A truth test to apply to each item in the array.
+ The iterator is passed a callback which must be called once it has completed.
+* callback(results) - A callback which is called after all the iterator
+ functions have finished.
+
+__Example__
+
+ async.filter(['file1','file2','file3'], path.exists, function(results){
+ // results now equals an array of the existing files
+ });
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="filterSeries" />
+### filterSeries(arr, iterator, callback)
+
+__alias:__ selectSeries
+
+The same as filter only the iterator is applied to each item in the array in
+series. The next iterator is only called once the current one has completed
+processing. The results array will be in the same order as the original.
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="reject" />
+### reject(arr, iterator, callback)
+
+The opposite of filter. Removes values that pass an async truth test.
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="rejectSeries" />
+### rejectSeries(arr, iterator, callback)
+
+The same as filter, only the iterator is applied to each item in the array
+in series.
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="reduce" />
+### reduce(arr, memo, iterator, callback)
+
+__aliases:__ inject, foldl
+
+Reduces a list of values into a single value using an async iterator to return
+each successive step. Memo is the initial state of the reduction. This
+function only operates in series. For performance reasons, it may make sense to
+split a call to this function into a parallel map, then use the normal
+Array.prototype.reduce on the results. This function is for situations where
+each step in the reduction needs to be async, if you can get the data before
+reducing it then its probably a good idea to do so.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* arr - An array to iterate over.
+* memo - The initial state of the reduction.
+* iterator(memo, item, callback) - A function applied to each item in the
+ array to produce the next step in the reduction. The iterator is passed a
+ callback which accepts an optional error as its first argument, and the state
+ of the reduction as the second. If an error is passed to the callback, the
+ reduction is stopped and the main callback is immediately called with the
+ error.
+* callback(err, result) - A callback which is called after all the iterator
+ functions have finished. Result is the reduced value.
+
+__Example__
+
+ async.reduce([1,2,3], 0, function(memo, item, callback){
+ // pointless async:
+ process.nextTick(function(){
+ callback(null, memo + item)
+ });
+ }, function(err, result){
+ // result is now equal to the last value of memo, which is 6
+ });
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="reduceRight" />
+### reduceRight(arr, memo, iterator, callback)
+
+__Alias:__ foldr
+
+Same as reduce, only operates on the items in the array in reverse order.
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="detect" />
+### detect(arr, iterator, callback)
+
+Returns the first value in a list that passes an async truth test. The
+iterator is applied in parallel, meaning the first iterator to return true will
+fire the detect callback with that result. That means the result might not be
+the first item in the original array (in terms of order) that passes the test.
+
+If order within the original array is important then look at detectSeries.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* arr - An array to iterate over.
+* iterator(item, callback) - A truth test to apply to each item in the array.
+ The iterator is passed a callback which must be called once it has completed.
+* callback(result) - A callback which is called as soon as any iterator returns
+ true, or after all the iterator functions have finished. Result will be
+ the first item in the array that passes the truth test (iterator) or the
+ value undefined if none passed.
+
+__Example__
+
+ async.detect(['file1','file2','file3'], path.exists, function(result){
+ // result now equals the first file in the list that exists
+ });
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="detectSeries" />
+### detectSeries(arr, iterator, callback)
+
+The same as detect, only the iterator is applied to each item in the array
+in series. This means the result is always the first in the original array (in
+terms of array order) that passes the truth test.
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="sortBy" />
+### sortBy(arr, iterator, callback)
+
+Sorts a list by the results of running each value through an async iterator.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* arr - An array to iterate over.
+* iterator(item, callback) - A function to apply to each item in the array.
+ The iterator is passed a callback which must be called once it has completed
+ with an error (which can be null) and a value to use as the sort criteria.
+* callback(err, results) - A callback which is called after all the iterator
+ functions have finished, or an error has occurred. Results is the items from
+ the original array sorted by the values returned by the iterator calls.
+
+__Example__
+
+ async.sortBy(['file1','file2','file3'], function(file, callback){
+ fs.stat(file, function(err, stats){
+ callback(err, stats.mtime);
+ });
+ }, function(err, results){
+ // results is now the original array of files sorted by
+ // modified date
+ });
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="some" />
+### some(arr, iterator, callback)
+
+__Alias:__ any
+
+Returns true if at least one element in the array satisfies an async test.
+_The callback for each iterator call only accepts a single argument of true or
+false, it does not accept an error argument first!_ This is in-line with the
+way node libraries work with truth tests like path.exists. Once any iterator
+call returns true, the main callback is immediately called.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* arr - An array to iterate over.
+* iterator(item, callback) - A truth test to apply to each item in the array.
+ The iterator is passed a callback which must be called once it has completed.
+* callback(result) - A callback which is called as soon as any iterator returns
+ true, or after all the iterator functions have finished. Result will be
+ either true or false depending on the values of the async tests.
+
+__Example__
+
+ async.some(['file1','file2','file3'], path.exists, function(result){
+ // if result is true then at least one of the files exists
+ });
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="every" />
+### every(arr, iterator, callback)
+
+__Alias:__ all
+
+Returns true if every element in the array satisfies an async test.
+_The callback for each iterator call only accepts a single argument of true or
+false, it does not accept an error argument first!_ This is in-line with the
+way node libraries work with truth tests like path.exists.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* arr - An array to iterate over.
+* iterator(item, callback) - A truth test to apply to each item in the array.
+ The iterator is passed a callback which must be called once it has completed.
+* callback(result) - A callback which is called after all the iterator
+ functions have finished. Result will be either true or false depending on
+ the values of the async tests.
+
+__Example__
+
+ async.every(['file1','file2','file3'], path.exists, function(result){
+ // if result is true then every file exists
+ });
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="concat" />
+### concat(arr, iterator, callback)
+
+Applies an iterator to each item in a list, concatenating the results. Returns the
+concatenated list. The iterators are called in parallel, and the results are
+concatenated as they return. There is no guarantee that the results array will
+be returned in the original order of the arguments passed to the iterator function.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* arr - An array to iterate over
+* iterator(item, callback) - A function to apply to each item in the array.
+ The iterator is passed a callback which must be called once it has completed
+ with an error (which can be null) and an array of results.
+* callback(err, results) - A callback which is called after all the iterator
+ functions have finished, or an error has occurred. Results is an array containing
+ the concatenated results of the iterator function.
+
+__Example__
+
+ async.concat(['dir1','dir2','dir3'], fs.readdir, function(err, files){
+ // files is now a list of filenames that exist in the 3 directories
+ });
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="concatSeries" />
+### concatSeries(arr, iterator, callback)
+
+Same as async.concat, but executes in series instead of parallel.
+
+
+## Control Flow
+
+<a name="series" />
+### series(tasks, [callback])
+
+Run an array of functions in series, each one running once the previous
+function has completed. If any functions in the series pass an error to its
+callback, no more functions are run and the callback for the series is
+immediately called with the value of the error. Once the tasks have completed,
+the results are passed to the final callback as an array.
+
+It is also possible to use an object instead of an array. Each property will be
+run as a function and the results will be passed to the final callback as an object
+instead of an array. This can be a more readable way of handling results from
+async.series.
+
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* tasks - An array or object containing functions to run, each function is passed
+ a callback it must call on completion.
+* callback(err, results) - An optional callback to run once all the functions
+ have completed. This function gets an array of all the arguments passed to
+ the callbacks used in the array.
+
+__Example__
+
+ async.series([
+ function(callback){
+ // do some stuff ...
+ callback(null, 'one');
+ },
+ function(callback){
+ // do some more stuff ...
+ callback(null, 'two');
+ },
+ ],
+ // optional callback
+ function(err, results){
+ // results is now equal to ['one', 'two']
+ });
+
+
+ // an example using an object instead of an array
+ async.series({
+ one: function(callback){
+ setTimeout(function(){
+ callback(null, 1);
+ }, 200);
+ },
+ two: function(callback){
+ setTimeout(function(){
+ callback(null, 2);
+ }, 100);
+ },
+ },
+ function(err, results) {
+ // results is now equal to: {one: 1, two: 2}
+ });
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="parallel" />
+### parallel(tasks, [callback])
+
+Run an array of functions in parallel, without waiting until the previous
+function has completed. If any of the functions pass an error to its
+callback, the main callback is immediately called with the value of the error.
+Once the tasks have completed, the results are passed to the final callback as an
+array.
+
+It is also possible to use an object instead of an array. Each property will be
+run as a function and the results will be passed to the final callback as an object
+instead of an array. This can be a more readable way of handling results from
+async.parallel.
+
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* tasks - An array or object containing functions to run, each function is passed a
+ callback it must call on completion.
+* callback(err, results) - An optional callback to run once all the functions
+ have completed. This function gets an array of all the arguments passed to
+ the callbacks used in the array.
+
+__Example__
+
+ async.parallel([
+ function(callback){
+ setTimeout(function(){
+ callback(null, 'one');
+ }, 200);
+ },
+ function(callback){
+ setTimeout(function(){
+ callback(null, 'two');
+ }, 100);
+ },
+ ],
+ // optional callback
+ function(err, results){
+ // the results array will equal ['one','two'] even though
+ // the second function had a shorter timeout.
+ });
+
+
+ // an example using an object instead of an array
+ async.parallel({
+ one: function(callback){
+ setTimeout(function(){
+ callback(null, 1);
+ }, 200);
+ },
+ two: function(callback){
+ setTimeout(function(){
+ callback(null, 2);
+ }, 100);
+ },
+ },
+ function(err, results) {
+ // results is now equals to: {one: 1, two: 2}
+ });
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="whilst" />
+### whilst(test, fn, callback)
+
+Repeatedly call fn, while test returns true. Calls the callback when stopped,
+or an error occurs.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* test() - synchronous truth test to perform before each execution of fn.
+* fn(callback) - A function to call each time the test passes. The function is
+ passed a callback which must be called once it has completed with an optional
+ error as the first argument.
+* callback(err) - A callback which is called after the test fails and repeated
+ execution of fn has stopped.
+
+__Example__
+
+ var count = 0;
+
+ async.whilst(
+ function () { return count < 5; },
+ function (callback) {
+ count++;
+ setTimeout(callback, 1000);
+ },
+ function (err) {
+ // 5 seconds have passed
+ }
+ );
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="until" />
+### until(test, fn, callback)
+
+Repeatedly call fn, until test returns true. Calls the callback when stopped,
+or an error occurs.
+
+The inverse of async.whilst.
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="waterfall" />
+### waterfall(tasks, [callback])
+
+Runs an array of functions in series, each passing their results to the next in
+the array. However, if any of the functions pass an error to the callback, the
+next function is not executed and the main callback is immediately called with
+the error.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* tasks - An array of functions to run, each function is passed a callback it
+ must call on completion.
+* callback(err, [results]) - An optional callback to run once all the functions
+ have completed. This will be passed the results of the last task's callback.
+
+
+
+__Example__
+
+ async.waterfall([
+ function(callback){
+ callback(null, 'one', 'two');
+ },
+ function(arg1, arg2, callback){
+ callback(null, 'three');
+ },
+ function(arg1, callback){
+ // arg1 now equals 'three'
+ callback(null, 'done');
+ }
+ ], function (err, result) {
+ // result now equals 'done'
+ });
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="queue" />
+### queue(worker, concurrency)
+
+Creates a queue object with the specified concurrency. Tasks added to the
+queue will be processed in parallel (up to the concurrency limit). If all
+workers are in progress, the task is queued until one is available. Once
+a worker has completed a task, the task's callback is called.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* worker(task, callback) - An asynchronous function for processing a queued
+ task.
+* concurrency - An integer for determining how many worker functions should be
+ run in parallel.
+
+__Queue objects__
+
+The queue object returned by this function has the following properties and
+methods:
+
+* length() - a function returning the number of items waiting to be processed.
+* concurrency - an integer for determining how many worker functions should be
+ run in parallel. This property can be changed after a queue is created to
+ alter the concurrency on-the-fly.
+* push(task, [callback]) - add a new task to the queue, the callback is called
+ once the worker has finished processing the task.
+ instead of a single task, an array of tasks can be submitted. the respective callback is used for every task in the list.
+* saturated - a callback that is called when the queue length hits the concurrency and further tasks will be queued
+* empty - a callback that is called when the last item from the queue is given to a worker
+* drain - a callback that is called when the last item from the queue has returned from the worker
+
+__Example__
+
+ // create a queue object with concurrency 2
+
+ var q = async.queue(function (task, callback) {
+ console.log('hello ' + task.name);
+ callback();
+ }, 2);
+
+
+ // assign a callback
+ q.drain = function() {
+ console.log('all items have been processed');
+ }
+
+ // add some items to the queue
+
+ q.push({name: 'foo'}, function (err) {
+ console.log('finished processing foo');
+ });
+ q.push({name: 'bar'}, function (err) {
+ console.log('finished processing bar');
+ });
+
+ // add some items to the queue (batch-wise)
+
+ q.push([{name: 'baz'},{name: 'bay'},{name: 'bax'}], function (err) {
+ console.log('finished processing bar');
+ });
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="auto" />
+### auto(tasks, [callback])
+
+Determines the best order for running functions based on their requirements.
+Each function can optionally depend on other functions being completed first,
+and each function is run as soon as its requirements are satisfied. If any of
+the functions pass an error to their callback, that function will not complete
+(so any other functions depending on it will not run) and the main callback
+will be called immediately with the error. Functions also receive an object
+containing the results of functions which have completed so far.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* tasks - An object literal containing named functions or an array of
+ requirements, with the function itself the last item in the array. The key
+ used for each function or array is used when specifying requirements. The
+ syntax is easier to understand by looking at the example.
+* callback(err, results) - An optional callback which is called when all the
+ tasks have been completed. The callback will receive an error as an argument
+ if any tasks pass an error to their callback. If all tasks complete
+ successfully, it will receive an object containing their results.
+
+__Example__
+
+ async.auto({
+ get_data: function(callback){
+ // async code to get some data
+ },
+ make_folder: function(callback){
+ // async code to create a directory to store a file in
+ // this is run at the same time as getting the data
+ },
+ write_file: ['get_data', 'make_folder', function(callback){
+ // once there is some data and the directory exists,
+ // write the data to a file in the directory
+ callback(null, filename);
+ }],
+ email_link: ['write_file', function(callback, results){
+ // once the file is written let's email a link to it...
+ // results.write_file contains the filename returned by write_file.
+ }]
+ });
+
+This is a fairly trivial example, but to do this using the basic parallel and
+series functions would look like this:
+
+ async.parallel([
+ function(callback){
+ // async code to get some data
+ },
+ function(callback){
+ // async code to create a directory to store a file in
+ // this is run at the same time as getting the data
+ }
+ ],
+ function(results){
+ async.series([
+ function(callback){
+ // once there is some data and the directory exists,
+ // write the data to a file in the directory
+ },
+ email_link: function(callback){
+ // once the file is written let's email a link to it...
+ }
+ ]);
+ });
+
+For a complicated series of async tasks using the auto function makes adding
+new tasks much easier and makes the code more readable.
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="iterator" />
+### iterator(tasks)
+
+Creates an iterator function which calls the next function in the array,
+returning a continuation to call the next one after that. Its also possible to
+'peek' the next iterator by doing iterator.next().
+
+This function is used internally by the async module but can be useful when
+you want to manually control the flow of functions in series.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* tasks - An array of functions to run, each function is passed a callback it
+ must call on completion.
+
+__Example__
+
+ var iterator = async.iterator([
+ function(){ sys.p('one'); },
+ function(){ sys.p('two'); },
+ function(){ sys.p('three'); }
+ ]);
+
+ node> var iterator2 = iterator();
+ 'one'
+ node> var iterator3 = iterator2();
+ 'two'
+ node> iterator3();
+ 'three'
+ node> var nextfn = iterator2.next();
+ node> nextfn();
+ 'three'
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="apply" />
+### apply(function, arguments..)
+
+Creates a continuation function with some arguments already applied, a useful
+shorthand when combined with other control flow functions. Any arguments
+passed to the returned function are added to the arguments originally passed
+to apply.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* function - The function you want to eventually apply all arguments to.
+* arguments... - Any number of arguments to automatically apply when the
+ continuation is called.
+
+__Example__
+
+ // using apply
+
+ async.parallel([
+ async.apply(fs.writeFile, 'testfile1', 'test1'),
+ async.apply(fs.writeFile, 'testfile2', 'test2'),
+ ]);
+
+
+ // the same process without using apply
+
+ async.parallel([
+ function(callback){
+ fs.writeFile('testfile1', 'test1', callback);
+ },
+ function(callback){
+ fs.writeFile('testfile2', 'test2', callback);
+ },
+ ]);
+
+It's possible to pass any number of additional arguments when calling the
+continuation:
+
+ node> var fn = async.apply(sys.puts, 'one');
+ node> fn('two', 'three');
+ one
+ two
+ three
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="nextTick" />
+### nextTick(callback)
+
+Calls the callback on a later loop around the event loop. In node.js this just
+calls process.nextTick, in the browser it falls back to setTimeout(callback, 0),
+which means other higher priority events may precede the execution of the callback.
+
+This is used internally for browser-compatibility purposes.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* callback - The function to call on a later loop around the event loop.
+
+__Example__
+
+ var call_order = [];
+ async.nextTick(function(){
+ call_order.push('two');
+ // call_order now equals ['one','two]
+ });
+ call_order.push('one')
+
+
+## Utils
+
+<a name="memoize" />
+### memoize(fn, [hasher])
+
+Caches the results of an async function. When creating a hash to store function
+results against, the callback is omitted from the hash and an optional hash
+function can be used.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* fn - the function you to proxy and cache results from.
+* hasher - an optional function for generating a custom hash for storing
+ results, it has all the arguments applied to it apart from the callback, and
+ must be synchronous.
+
+__Example__
+
+ var slow_fn = function (name, callback) {
+ // do something
+ callback(null, result);
+ };
+ var fn = async.memoize(slow_fn);
+
+ // fn can now be used as if it were slow_fn
+ fn('some name', function () {
+ // callback
+ });
+
+<a name="unmemoize" />
+### unmemoize(fn)
+
+Undoes a memoized function, reverting it to the original, unmemoized
+form. Comes handy in tests.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* fn - the memoized function
+
+<a name="log" />
+### log(function, arguments)
+
+Logs the result of an async function to the console. Only works in node.js or
+in browsers that support console.log and console.error (such as FF and Chrome).
+If multiple arguments are returned from the async function, console.log is
+called on each argument in order.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* function - The function you want to eventually apply all arguments to.
+* arguments... - Any number of arguments to apply to the function.
+
+__Example__
+
+ var hello = function(name, callback){
+ setTimeout(function(){
+ callback(null, 'hello ' + name);
+ }, 1000);
+ };
+
+ node> async.log(hello, 'world');
+ 'hello world'
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="dir" />
+### dir(function, arguments)
+
+Logs the result of an async function to the console using console.dir to
+display the properties of the resulting object. Only works in node.js or
+in browsers that support console.dir and console.error (such as FF and Chrome).
+If multiple arguments are returned from the async function, console.dir is
+called on each argument in order.
+
+__Arguments__
+
+* function - The function you want to eventually apply all arguments to.
+* arguments... - Any number of arguments to apply to the function.
+
+__Example__
+
+ var hello = function(name, callback){
+ setTimeout(function(){
+ callback(null, {hello: name});
+ }, 1000);
+ };
+
+ node> async.dir(hello, 'world');
+ {hello: 'world'}
+
+
+---------------------------------------
+
+<a name="noConflict" />
+### noConflict()
+
+Changes the value of async back to its original value, returning a reference to the
+async object.