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<section class='intro_section' style='background-image: url(https://nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/megapixels/v1/datasets/lfw/assets/background.jpg)'><div class='inner'><div class='hero_desc'><span><span style='color: #ff0000'>Labeled Faces in The Wild</span> (LFW) is a database of face photographs designed for studying the problem of unconstrained face recognition.</span></div><div class='hero_subdesc'><span>It includes 13,456 images of 4,432 people’s images copied from the Internet during 2002-2004.
</span></div></div></section><section><div class='image'><div class='caption'>A few of the 5,749 people in the Labeled Faces in the Wild Dataset. The most widely used face dataset for benchmarking commercial face recognition algorithms.</div></div></section><section><div class='right-sidebar'><h3>Statistics</h3>
<div class='meta'><div><div class='gray'>Years</div><div>2002-2004</div></div><div><div class='gray'>Images</div><div>13,233</div></div><div><div class='gray'>Identities</div><div>5,749</div></div><div><div class='gray'>Origin</div><div>Yahoo News Images</div></div><div><div class='gray'>Funding</div><div>(Possibly, partially CIA)</div></div></div><h3>INSIGHTS</h3>
<ul>
<li>There are about 3 men for every 1 woman (4,277 men and 1,472 women) in the LFW dataset<a class="footnote_shim" name="[^lfw_www]_1"> </a><a href="#[^lfw_www]" class="footnote" title="Footnote 1">1</a></li>
<li>The person with the most images is <a href="http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/lfw/person/George_W_Bush_comp.html">George W. Bush</a> with 530</li>
<li>There are about 3 George W. Bush's for every 1 <a href="http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/lfw/person/Tony_Blair.html">Tony Blair</a></li>
<li>The LFW dataset includes over 500 actors, 30 models, 10 presidents, 124 basketball players, 24 football players, 11 kings, 7 queens, and 1 <a href="http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/lfw/person/Moby.html">Moby</a></li>
<li>In all 3 of the LFW publications [^lfw_original_paper], [^lfw_survey], [^lfw_tech_report] the words "ethics", "consent", and "privacy" appear 0 times</li>
<li>The word "future" appears 71 times</li>
</ul>
</div><h2>Labeled Faces in the Wild</h2>
<p><em>Labeled Faces in The Wild</em> (LFW) is "a database of face photographs designed for studying the problem of unconstrained face recognition<a class="footnote_shim" name="[^lfw_www]_2"> </a><a href="#[^lfw_www]" class="footnote" title="Footnote 1">1</a>. It is used to evaluate and improve the performance of facial recognition algorithms in academic, commercial, and government research. According to BiometricUpdate.com<a class="footnote_shim" name="[^lfw_pingan]_1"> </a><a href="#[^lfw_pingan]" class="footnote" title="Footnote 3">3</a>, LFW is "the most widely used evaluation set in the field of facial recognition, LFW attracts a few dozen teams from around the globe including Google, Facebook, Microsoft Research Asia, Baidu, Tencent, SenseTime, Face++ and Chinese University of Hong Kong."</p>
<p>The LFW dataset includes 13,233 images of 5,749 people that were collected between 2002-2004. LFW is a subset of <em>Names of Faces</em> and is part of the first facial recognition training dataset created entirely from images appearing on the Internet. The people appearing in LFW are...</p>
<p>The <em>Names and Faces</em> dataset was the first face recognition dataset created entire from online photos. However, <em>Names and Faces</em> and <em>LFW</em> are not the first face recognition dataset created entirely "in the wild". That title belongs to the <a href="/datasets/ucd_faces/">UCD dataset</a>. Images obtained "in the wild" means using an image without explicit consent or awareness from the subject or photographer.</p>
<h3>Biometric Trade Routes</h3>
<p>To understand how this dataset has been used, its citations have been geocoded to show an approximate geographic digital trade route of the biometric data. Lines indicate an organization (education, commercial, or governmental) that has cited the LFW dataset in their research. Data is compiled from <a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org">Semantic Scholar</a>.</p>
</section><section class='applet_container'><div class='applet' data-payload='{"command": "map"}'></div></section><section><h3>Synthetic Faces</h3>
<p>To visualize the types of photos in the dataset without explicitly publishing individual's identities a generative adversarial network (GAN) was trained on the entire dataset. The images in this video show a neural network learning the visual latent space and then interpolating between archetypical identities within the LFW dataset.</p>
</section><section class='fullwidth'><div class='image'><img src='https://nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/megapixels/v1/datasets/lfw/assets/lfw_synthetic.jpg' alt=''></div></section><section><h3>Citations</h3>
<p>Browse or download the geocoded citation data collected for the LFW dataset.</p>
</section><section class='applet_container'><div class='applet' data-payload='{"command": "citations"}'></div></section><section><h3>Additional Information</h3>
<p>(tweet-sized snippets go here)</p>
<ul>
<li>The LFW dataset is considered the "most popular benchmark for face recognition" <a class="footnote_shim" name="[^lfw_baidu]_1"> </a><a href="#[^lfw_baidu]" class="footnote" title="Footnote 2">2</a></li>
<li>The LFW dataset is "the most widely used evaluation set in the field of facial recognition" <a class="footnote_shim" name="[^lfw_pingan]_2"> </a><a href="#[^lfw_pingan]" class="footnote" title="Footnote 3">3</a></li>
<li>All images in LFW dataset were obtained "in the wild" meaning without any consent from the subject or from the photographer</li>
<li>The faces in the LFW dataset were detected using the Viola-Jones haarcascade face detector [^lfw_website] [^lfw-survey]</li>
<li>The LFW dataset is used by several of the largest tech companies in the world including "Google, Facebook, Microsoft Research Asia, Baidu, Tencent, SenseTime, Face++ and Chinese University of Hong Kong." <a class="footnote_shim" name="[^lfw_pingan]_3"> </a><a href="#[^lfw_pingan]" class="footnote" title="Footnote 3">3</a></li>
<li>All images in the LFW dataset were copied from Yahoo News between 2002 - 2004</li>
<li>In 2014, two of the four original authors of the LFW dataset received funding from IARPA and ODNI for their followup paper <a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Labeled-Faces-in-the-Wild-%3A-Updates-and-New-Huang-Learned-Miller/2d3482dcff69c7417c7b933f22de606a0e8e42d4">Labeled Faces in the Wild: Updates and New Reporting Procedures</a> via IARPA contract number 2014-14071600010</li>
<li>The dataset includes 2 images of <a href="http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/lfw/person/George_Tenet.html">George Tenet</a>, the former Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) for the Central Intelligence Agency whose facial biometrics were eventually used to help train facial recognition software in China and Russia</li>
</ul>
</section><section class='images'><div class='image'><img src='https://nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/megapixels/v1/datasets/lfw/assets/lfw_montage_top1_640.jpg' alt=' former President George W. Bush'><div class='caption'> former President George W. Bush</div></div>
<div class='image'><img src='https://nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/megapixels/v1/datasets/lfw/assets/lfw_montage_top2_4_640.jpg' alt=' Colin Powell (236), Tony Blair (144), and Donald Rumsfeld (121)'><div class='caption'> Colin Powell (236), Tony Blair (144), and Donald Rumsfeld (121)</div></div></section><section class='images'><div class='image'><img src='https://nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/megapixels/v1/datasets/lfw/assets/lfw_montage_all_crop.jpg' alt='All 5,379 faces in the Labeled Faces in The Wild Dataset'><div class='caption'>All 5,379 faces in the Labeled Faces in The Wild Dataset</div></div></section><section><h2>Code</h2>
<p>The LFW dataset is so widely used that a popular code library called Sci-Kit Learn includes a function called <code>fetch_lfw_people</code> to download the faces in the LFW dataset.</p>
</section><section><pre><code class="lang-python">#!/usr/bin/python
import numpy as np
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_lfw_people
import imageio
import imutils
# download LFW dataset (first run takes a while)
lfw_people = fetch_lfw_people(min_faces_per_person=1, resize=1, color=True, funneled=False)
# introspect dataset
n_samples, h, w, c = lfw_people.images.shape
print(f'{n_samples:,} images at {w}x{h} pixels')
cols, rows = (176, 76)
n_ims = cols * rows
# build montages
im_scale = 0.5
ims = lfw_people.images[:n_ims]
montages = imutils.build_montages(ims, (int(w * im_scale, int(h * im_scale)), (cols, rows))
montage = montages[0]
# save full montage image
imageio.imwrite('lfw_montage_full.png', montage)
# make a smaller version
montage = imutils.resize(montage, width=960)
imageio.imwrite('lfw_montage_960.jpg', montage)
</code></pre>
</section><section><h3>Supplementary Material</h3>
</section><section class='applet_container'><div class='applet' data-payload='{"command": "load_file assets/lfw_commercial_use.csv", "fields": ["name_display, company_url, example_url, country, description"]}'></div></section><section><p>Text and graphics ©Adam Harvey / megapixels.cc</p>
</section><section><ul class="footnotes"><li><a name="[^lfw_www]" class="footnote_shim"></a><span class="backlinks"><a href="#[^lfw_www]_1">a</a><a href="#[^lfw_www]_2">b</a></span><p><a href="http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/lfw/results.html">http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/lfw/results.html</a></p>
</li><li><a name="[^lfw_baidu]" class="footnote_shim"></a><span class="backlinks"><a href="#[^lfw_baidu]_1">a</a></span><p>Jingtuo Liu, Yafeng Deng, Tao Bai, Zhengping Wei, Chang Huang. Targeting Ultimate Accuracy: Face Recognition via Deep Embedding. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.07310">https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.07310</a></p>
</li><li><a name="[^lfw_pingan]" class="footnote_shim"></a><span class="backlinks"><a href="#[^lfw_pingan]_1">a</a><a href="#[^lfw_pingan]_2">b</a><a href="#[^lfw_pingan]_3">c</a></span><p>Lee, Justin. "PING AN Tech facial recognition receives high score in latest LFW test results". BiometricUpdate.com. Feb 13, 2017. <a href="https://www.biometricupdate.com/201702/ping-an-tech-facial-recognition-receives-high-score-in-latest-lfw-test-results">https://www.biometricupdate.com/201702/ping-an-tech-facial-recognition-receives-high-score-in-latest-lfw-test-results</a></p>
</li></ul></section>
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