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authoradamhrv <adam@ahprojects.com>2019-06-02 20:09:01 +0200
committeradamhrv <adam@ahprojects.com>2019-06-02 20:09:01 +0200
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<div class='gray'>Website</div>
<div><a href='http://vision.cs.duke.edu/DukeMTMC/' target='_blank' rel='nofollow noopener'>duke.edu</a></div>
</div></div><p>Duke MTMC (Multi-Target, Multi-Camera) is a dataset of surveillance video footage taken on Duke University's campus in 2014 and is used for research and development of video tracking systems, person re-identification, and low-resolution facial recognition. The dataset contains over 14 hours of synchronized surveillance video from 8 cameras at 1080p and 60 FPS, with over 2 million frames of 2,000 students walking to and from classes. The 8 surveillance cameras deployed on campus were specifically setup to capture students "during periods between lectures, when pedestrian traffic is heavy"<a class="footnote_shim" name="[^duke_mtmc_orig]_1"> </a><a href="#[^duke_mtmc_orig]" class="footnote" title="Footnote 1">1</a>.</p>
-<p>In this investigation into the Duke MTMC dataset we tracked down over 100 publicly available research papers that explicitly acknowledged using Duke MTMC. Our analysis shows that the dataset has spread far beyond its origins and intentions in academic research projects at Duke University. Since its publication in 2016, more than twice as many research citations originated in China as in the United States. Among these citations were papers links to the Chinese military and several of the companies known to provide Chinese authorities with the oppressive surveillance technology used to monitor millions of Uighur Muslims.</p>
-<p>In one 2018 <a href="http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_cvpr_2018/papers/Xu_Attention-Aware_Compositional_Network_CVPR_2018_paper.pdf">paper</a> jointly published by researchers from SenseNets and SenseTime (and funded by SenseTime Group Limited) entitled <a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Attention-Aware-Compositional-Network-for-Person-Xu-Zhao/14ce502bc19b225466126b256511f9c05cadcb6e">Attention-Aware Compositional Network for Person Re-identification</a>, the Duke MTMC dataset was used for "extensive experiments" on improving person re-identification across multiple surveillance cameras with important applications in "finding missing elderly and children, and suspect tracking, etc." Both SenseNets and SenseTime have been directly linked to the providing surveillance technology to monitor Uighur Muslims in China. <a class="footnote_shim" name="[^xinjiang_nyt]_1"> </a><a href="#[^xinjiang_nyt]" class="footnote" title="Footnote 4">4</a><a class="footnote_shim" name="[^sensetime_qz]_1"> </a><a href="#[^sensetime_qz]" class="footnote" title="Footnote 2">2</a><a class="footnote_shim" name="[^sensenets_uyghurs]_1"> </a><a href="#[^sensenets_uyghurs]" class="footnote" title="Footnote 3">3</a></p>
-</section><section class='images'><div class='image'><img src='https://nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/megapixels/v1/datasets/duke_mtmc/assets/duke_mtmc_reid_montage.jpg' alt=' A collection of 1,600 out of the approximately 2,000 students and pedestrians in the Duke MTMC dataset. These students were also included in the Duke MTMC Re-ID dataset extension used for person re-identification, and eventually the QMUL SurvFace face recognition dataset. Open Data Commons Attribution License.'><div class='caption'> A collection of 1,600 out of the approximately 2,000 students and pedestrians in the Duke MTMC dataset. These students were also included in the Duke MTMC Re-ID dataset extension used for person re-identification, and eventually the QMUL SurvFace face recognition dataset. Open Data Commons Attribution License.</div></div></section><section><p>Despite <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/19/china-police-big-data-systems-violate-privacy-target-dissent">repeated</a> <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/26/china-big-data-fuels-crackdown-minority-region">warnings</a> by Human Rights Watch that the authoritarian surveillance used in China represents humanitarian crisis, researchers at Duke University continued to provide open access to their dataset for anyone to use for any project. As the surveillance crisis in China grew, so did the number of citations with links to organizations complicit in the crisis. In 2018 alone there were over 90 research projects happening in China that publicly acknowledged using and benefiting from the Duke MTMC dataset. Amongst these were projects from CloudWalk, Hikvision, Megvii (Face++), SenseNets, SenseTime, Beihang University, and the PLA's National University of Defense Technology.</p>
+<p>For this analysis of the Duke MTMC dataset over 100 publicly available research papers that used the dataset were analyzed to find out who's using the dataset and where it's being used. The results show that the Duke MTMC dataset has spread far beyond its origins and intentions in academic research projects at Duke University. Since its publication in 2016, more than twice as many research citations originated in China as in the United States. Among these citations were papers links to the Chinese military and several of the companies known to provide Chinese authorities with the oppressive surveillance technology used to monitor millions of Uighur Muslims.</p>
+<p>In one 2018 <a href="http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_cvpr_2018/papers/Xu_Attention-Aware_Compositional_Network_CVPR_2018_paper.pdf">paper</a> jointly published by researchers from SenseNets and SenseTime (and funded by SenseTime Group Limited) entitled <a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Attention-Aware-Compositional-Network-for-Person-Xu-Zhao/14ce502bc19b225466126b256511f9c05cadcb6e">Attention-Aware Compositional Network for Person Re-identification</a>, the Duke MTMC dataset was used for "extensive experiments" on improving person re-identification across multiple surveillance cameras with important applications in suspect tracking. Both SenseNets and SenseTime have been linked to the providing surveillance technology to monitor Uighur Muslims in China. <a class="footnote_shim" name="[^xinjiang_nyt]_1"> </a><a href="#[^xinjiang_nyt]" class="footnote" title="Footnote 4">4</a><a class="footnote_shim" name="[^sensetime_qz]_1"> </a><a href="#[^sensetime_qz]" class="footnote" title="Footnote 2">2</a><a class="footnote_shim" name="[^sensenets_uyghurs]_1"> </a><a href="#[^sensenets_uyghurs]" class="footnote" title="Footnote 3">3</a></p>
+</section><section class='images'><div class='image'><img src='https://nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/megapixels/v1/datasets/duke_mtmc/assets/duke_mtmc_reid_montage.jpg' alt=' A collection of 1,600 out of the approximately 2,000 students and pedestrians in the Duke MTMC dataset. These students were also included in the Duke MTMC Re-ID dataset extension used for person re-identification, and eventually the QMUL SurvFace face recognition dataset. Open Data Commons Attribution License.'><div class='caption'> A collection of 1,600 out of the approximately 2,000 students and pedestrians in the Duke MTMC dataset. These students were also included in the Duke MTMC Re-ID dataset extension used for person re-identification, and eventually the QMUL SurvFace face recognition dataset. Open Data Commons Attribution License.</div></div></section><section><p>Despite <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/19/china-police-big-data-systems-violate-privacy-target-dissent">repeated</a> <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/26/china-big-data-fuels-crackdown-minority-region">warnings</a> by Human Rights Watch that the authoritarian surveillance used in China represents a humanitarian crisis, researchers at Duke University continued to provide open access to their dataset for anyone to use for any project. As the surveillance crisis in China grew, so did the number of citations with links to organizations complicit in the crisis. In 2018 alone there were over 90 research projects happening in China that publicly acknowledged using the Duke MTMC dataset. Amongst these were projects from CloudWalk, Hikvision, Megvii (Face++), SenseNets, SenseTime, Beihang University, China's National University of Defense Technology, and the PLA's Army Engineering University.</p>
<table>
<thead><tr>
<th>Organization</th>
@@ -88,6 +88,13 @@
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
+<td>Army Engineering University of PLA</td>
+<td>Ensemble Feature for Person Re-Identification</td>
+<td><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.05798">arxiv.org</a></td>
+<td>2019</td>
+<td>&#x2714;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
<td>Beihang University</td>
<td>Orientation-Guided Similarity Learning for Person Re-identification</td>
<td><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8545620">ieee.org</a></td>
@@ -123,21 +130,21 @@
<td>&#x2714;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
-<td>Megvii</td>
+<td>Megvii (Face++)</td>
<td>Person Re-Identification (slides)</td>
<td><a href="https://zsc.github.io/megvii-pku-dl-course/slides/Lecture%2011,%20Human%20Understanding_%20ReID%20and%20Pose%20and%20Attributes%20and%20Activity%20.pdf">github.io</a></td>
<td>2017</td>
<td>&#x2714;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
-<td>Megvii</td>
+<td>Megvii (Face++)</td>
<td>Multi-Target, Multi-Camera Tracking by Hierarchical Clustering: Recent Progress on DukeMTMC Project</td>
<td><a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Multi-Target%2C-Multi-Camera-Tracking-by-Hierarchical-Zhang-Wu/10c20cf47d61063032dce4af73a4b8e350bf1128">SemanticScholar</a></td>
<td>2018</td>
<td>&#x2714;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
-<td>Megvii</td>
+<td>Megvii (Face++)</td>
<td>SCPNet: Spatial-Channel Parallelism Network for Joint Holistic and Partial PersonRe-Identification</td>
<td><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.06996">arxiv.org</a></td>
<td>2018</td>
@@ -231,8 +238,13 @@
</table>
<p>By some metrics the dataset is considered a huge success. It is regarded as highly influential research and has contributed to hundreds, if not thousands, of projects to advance artificial intelligence for person tracking and monitoring. All the above citations, regardless of which country is using it, align perfectly with the original <a href="http://vision.cs.duke.edu/DukeMTMC/">intent</a> of the Duke MTMC dataset: "to accelerate advances in multi-target multi-camera tracking".</p>
<p>The same logic applies for all the new extensions of the Duke MTMC dataset including <a href="https://github.com/layumi/DukeMTMC-reID_evaluation">Duke MTMC Re-ID</a>, <a href="https://github.com/Yu-Wu/DukeMTMC-VideoReID">Duke MTMC Video Re-ID</a>, Duke MTMC Groups, and <a href="https://github.com/vana77/DukeMTMC-attribute">Duke MTMC Attribute</a>. And it also applies to all the new specialized datasets that will be created from Duke MTMC, such as the low-resolution face recognition dataset called <a href="https://qmul-survface.github.io/">QMUL-SurvFace</a>, which was funded in part by <a href="https://seequestor.com">SeeQuestor</a>, a computer vision provider to law enforcement agencies including Scotland Yards and Queensland Police. From the perspective of academic researchers, security contractors, and defense agencies using these datasets to advance their organization's work, Duke MTMC provides significant value regardless of who else is using it, so long as it advances their own interests in artificial intelligence.</p>
-</section><section class='images'><div class='image'><img src='https://nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/megapixels/v1/datasets/duke_mtmc/assets/duke_mtmc_saliencies.jpg' alt=' Duke MTMC pedestrian detection saliency maps for 8 cameras deployed on campus &copy; megapixels.cc'><div class='caption'> Duke MTMC pedestrian detection saliency maps for 8 cameras deployed on campus &copy; megapixels.cc</div></div></section><section><p>But this perspective comes at significant cost to civil rights, human rights, and privacy. The creation and distribution of the Duke MTMC illustrates an egregious prioritization of surveillance technologies over individual rights, where the simple act of going to class could implicate your biometric data in a surveillance training dataset, perhaps even used by foreign defense agencies against your own ethics, against your own political interests, or against universal human rights.</p>
-<p>For the approximately 2,000 students in Duke MTMC dataset there is unfortunately no escape. It would be impossible to remove oneself from all copies of the dataset downloaded around the world. Instead, over 2,000 students and visitors who happened to be walking to class in 2014 will forever remain in all downloaded copies of the Duke MTMC dataset and all its extensions, contributing to a global supply chain of data that powers governmental and commercial expansion of biometric surveillance technologies.</p>
+</section><section class='images'><div class='image'><img src='https://nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/megapixels/v1/datasets/duke_mtmc/assets/duke_mtmc_saliencies.jpg' alt=' Duke MTMC pedestrian detection saliency maps for 8 cameras deployed on campus &copy; megapixels.cc'><div class='caption'> Duke MTMC pedestrian detection saliency maps for 8 cameras deployed on campus &copy; megapixels.cc</div></div></section><section><p>But this perspective comes at significant cost to civil rights, human rights, and privacy. The creation and distribution of the Duke MTMC dataset illustrates an egregious prioritization of surveillance technologies over individual rights, where the simple act of going to class or a place of worship (students were filmed going into the university's chapel) could implicate your face in a surveillance training dataset, perhaps even used by foreign defense agencies.</p>
+<p>For the approximately 2,000 students in Duke MTMC dataset there may be no escape. It's not impossible to remove oneself from all copies of the dataset downloaded around the world. Instead, over 2,000 students and visitors who happened to be walking to class in 2014 will forever remain in all downloaded copies of the Duke MTMC dataset and all its extensions, contributing to a global supply chain of data that powers governmental and commercial expansion of biometric surveillance technologies.</p>
+<h3>Updates</h3>
+<ul>
+<li>June 2, 2019: Duke University seems to have shutdown the <a href="http://vision.cs.duke.edu/DukeMTMC/">Duke MTMC dataset project</a></li>
+<li>June 2, 2019: A computer vision surveillance workshop (<a href="https://reid-mct.github.io/2019/">https://reid-mct.github.io/2019/</a>) using the Duke MTMC dataset has been cancelled. "Due to some unforeseen circumstances, the test data has not been available. The multi-target multi-camera tracking and person re-identification challenge is cancelled. We sincerely apologize for any inconvenience caused." </li>
+</ul>
</section><section class='images'><div class='image'><img src='https://nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/megapixels/v1/datasets/duke_mtmc/assets/duke_mtmc_cameras.jpg' alt=' Duke MTMC camera views for 8 cameras deployed on campus &copy; megapixels.cc'><div class='caption'> Duke MTMC camera views for 8 cameras deployed on campus &copy; megapixels.cc</div></div></section><section class='images'><div class='image'><img src='https://nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/megapixels/v1/datasets/duke_mtmc/assets/duke_mtmc_camera_map.jpg' alt=' Duke MTMC camera locations on Duke University campus. Open Data Commons Attribution License.'><div class='caption'> Duke MTMC camera locations on Duke University campus. Open Data Commons Attribution License.</div></div></section><section>
<h3>Who used Duke MTMC Dataset?</h3>
@@ -374,7 +386,7 @@
<h4>Cite Our Work</h4>
<p>
- If you use our data, research, or graphics please cite our work:
+ If you find this analysis helpful, please cite our work:
<pre id="cite-bibtex">
@online{megapixels,