Labeled Faces in The Wild

Labeled Faces in The Wild (LFW) is amongst the most widely used facial recognition training datasets in the world and is the first of its kind to be created entirely from images that were posted online. The LFW dataset includes 13,233 images of 5,749 people that were collected between 2002-2004. Use the tools below to check if you were included in this dataset or scroll down to read the analysis.

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INTRO

It began in 2002. Researchers at University of Massachusetts Amherst were developing algorithms for facial recognition and they needed more data. Between 2002-2004 they scraped Yahoo News for images of public figures. Two years later they cleaned up the dataset and repackaged it as Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW).

Since then the LFW dataset has become one of the most widely used datasets used for evaluating face recognition algorithms. The associated research paper “Labeled Faces in the Wild: A Database for Studying Face Recognition in Unconstrained Environments” has been cited 996 times reaching 45 different countries throughout the world.

The faces come from news stories and are mostly celebrities from the entertainment industry, politicians, and villains. It’s a sampling of current affairs and breaking news that has come to pass. The images, detached from their original context now server a new purpose: to train, evaluate, and improve facial recognition.

As the most widely used facial recognition dataset, it can be said that each individual in LFW has, in a small way, contributed to the current state of the art in facial recognition surveillance. John Cusack, Julianne Moore, Barry Bonds, Osama bin Laden, and even Moby are amongst these biometric pillars, exemplar faces provided the visual dimensions of a new computer vision future.

In addition to commercial use as an evaluation tool, alll of the faces in LFW dataset are prepackaged into a popular machine learning code framework called scikit-learn.

Facts

The person with the most images is: The person with the least images is:

Commercial Use

The LFW dataset is used by numerous companies for benchmarking algorithms and in some cases training. According to the benchmarking results page [^lfw_results] provided by the authors, over 2 dozen companies have contributed their benchmark results.

According to BiometricUpdate.com [^lfw_pingan], LFW is "the most widely used evaluation set in the field of facial recognition, LFW attracts a few dozen teams from around the globe including Google, Facebook, Microsoft Research Asia, Baidu, Tencent, SenseTime, Face++ and Chinese University of Hong Kong."

According to researchers at the Baidu Research – Institute of Deep Learning "LFW has been the most popular evaluation benchmark for face recognition, and played a very important role in facilitating the face recognition society to improve algorithm. [^lfw_baidu]."

load file: lfw_commercial_use.csv
name_display,company_url,example_url,country,description

Add 2-4 screenshots of companies mentioning LFW here

In benchmarking, companies use a dataset to evaluate their algorithms which are typically trained on other data. After training, researchers will use LFW as a benchmark to compare results with other algorithms.

For example, Baidu (est. net worth $13B) uses LFW to report results for their "Targeting Ultimate Accuracy: Face Recognition via Deep Embedding". According to the three Baidu researchers who produced the paper:

Citations

Overall, LFW has at least 456 citations from 123 countries. Sed ut perspiciatis, unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam eaque ipsa, quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt, explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem, quia voluptas sit, aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos.

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Conclusion

The LFW face recognition training and evaluation dataset is a historically important face dataset as it was the first popular dataset to be created entirely from Internet images, paving the way for a global trend towards downloading anyone’s face from the Internet and adding it to a dataset. As will be evident with other datasets, LFW’s approach has now become the norm.

For all the 5,000 people in this datasets, their face is forever a part of facial recognition history. It would be impossible to remove anyone from the dataset because it is so ubiquitous. For their rest of the lives and forever after, these 5,000 people will continue to be used for training facial recognition surveillance.

Right to Removal

If you are affected by disclosure of your identity in this dataset please do contact the authors, many state that they are willing to remove images upon request. The authors of the LFW can be reached from the emails posted in their paper:

You can use the following message to request removal from the dataset:

Dear [researcher name],

I am writing to you about the "LFW Dataset". Recently I have discovered that your dataset includes my identity and no longer wish to be included in your dataset

MegaPixels is an educational art project developed for academic purposes. In no way does this project aim to villify the researchers who produced the datasets. The aim of this project is to encourage discourse around ethics and consent in artificial intelligence by providing information about these datasets that is otherwise difficult to obtain or inaccessible to other researchers.

Supplementary Data

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Code

#!/usr/bin/python

import numpy as np
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_lfw_people
import imageio
import imutils

# download LFW dataset (first run takes a while)
lfw_people = fetch_lfw_people(min_faces_per_person=1, resize=1, color=True, funneled=False)

# introspect dataset
n_samples, h, w, c = lfw_people.images.shape
print('{:,} images at {}x{}'.format(n_samples, w, h))
cols, rows = (176, 76)
n_ims = cols * rows

# build montages
im_scale = 0.5
ims = lfw_people.images[:n_ims
montages = imutils.build_montages(ims, (int(w*im_scale, int(h*im_scale)), (cols, rows))
montage = montages[0]

# save full montage image
imageio.imwrite('lfw_montage_full.png', montage)

# make a smaller version
montage_960 = imutils.resize(montage, width=960)
imageio.imwrite('lfw_montage_960.jpg', montage_960)