"MIRACL-FS, University of Sfax" "Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Science" "Division of Computer Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do" "The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, The Tel-Aviv University" "Deparment of Computing, Imperial College London, UK" "University of Toronto, 6 Kings College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4 CANADA" "SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamil Nadu, India" "BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA" "IIE, Universidad de la Rep ublica, Uruguay. 2ECE, Duke University, USA" "SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai-603 203, Tamilnadu, India" "School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, UK" Stevens Institute of Technology Adobe Systems Inc "College of Computers and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, KSA" "ITCS, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing" Tomas Bata University in Zl n "School of Computing and Info. Sciences, Florida International University" "Numediart Institute, University of Mons" in the College of Engineering and Computer Science "Pursuing M.Tech, Caarmel Engineering College, MG University, Kerala, India" The University of Queensland in "University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania, Address Splaiul Independent ei" M. Mark Everingham University of Leeds "CVIP Lab, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA" "School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand" "University of Shef eld, Regent Court, 211 Portobello, Shef eld" "Babes Bolyai University, 58-60 Teodor Mihali, C333, Cluj Napoca" "Faculty of Telecommunications, Technical University, Sofia, Bulgaria" "University of Science, VNU-HCMC, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam" "RoboticsResearchGroup, UniversityofOxford, Oxford, UK" "School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China" "BECS, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland" "Beihang University 2Gri th University 3University of York, UK" "School of Comm. and Info. Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecom., Beijing China" Tsinghua-CUHK Joint Research Center for Media Sciences Sabanc University "Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology Kerala, India" "Fudan University, 2Microsoft Research Asia, 3University of Maryland" "School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham" "Advanced Digital Sciences Center (ADSC), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Singapore" "University at Buffalo, SUNY" "University of Maryland, Center for Automation Research" "MRC Laboratory For Molecular Cell Biology, University College London" "IslamicAzad University, Qazvin, Iran" KIT University of the State of Baden-W rttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association "Research Center E. Piaggio , University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, 2 Faculty of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy" "University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia" This article was downloaded from Harvard University s DASH "Program of Computational Science and Engineering, Bo gazi ci University" "Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "DISI, University of Trento, Italy" College of Information Engineering "Faculty of Information Technology, Barrett Hodgson University, Karachi, Pakistan" "bUniversity of Nottingham, School of Computer Science, Nottingham, UK" "P. O. Box 4500 FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland" University of California at Berkeley / ICSI "Intelligent User Interfaces Lab, Ko c University, Turkey" "Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China" Honda Fundamental Research Labs "Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre and Grif th School of Engineering, Grif th University" "Division of IT Convergence, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology" "University of Zaragoza, Spain" "Assam University, Silchar-788011 Assam University, Silchar" "School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China" "University of Alicante, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain" "Grif th University, QLD, Australia" "Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Signal Processing Institute" "Lab, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK. 3Clinical" "Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA" "Asian University, Taichung, Taiwan" "The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA" "Sapienza University of Rome, Italy" "University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy" "Centre for Quantum Computation and Intelligent Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia" Sponsors: Machine Intelligence Research Labs (MIR Labs "University of S ao Paulo - USP, S ao Paulo - Brazil" "Machine Perception Laboratory, University of California, San Diego" "Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA" "University of Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 585, 08007 Barcelona, Spain" University of Cagliari "LIP6, UPMC - Sorbonne University, Paris, France" "Baidu Research, USA 3John Hopkins University" "Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia" "Computer Vision Laboratory, The University of Nottingham" "L3S Research Center, Hannover, Germany" "Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS" "School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China" "a Institute of Anatomy I, School of Medicine, Friedrich Schiller University, Germany" "he University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam" "bSchool of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China" "image being generated by the model, include Active Appearance" "Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain" "Institute of Advanced Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing" "Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213. USA" "f Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania" "School of Computer Science and Information Systems, Birkbeck College, University of London" "Queen Mary, University of London" University of Sfax SUS college of Engineering and Technology "School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK" "Faculty of Information Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam" College of Information Science and Engineering "Facial expression gures prominently in research on almost every aspect of emotion, including psychophys" "Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego" "Proto Labs, Inc" Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences ATR Interpreting Telecommunications Research Laboratories Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS "Chalmers University of Technology, SAFER" "Computer Vision Research Group, COMSATS Institute of Information" "TNLIST, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China" "School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, U.K" "Suhaila N. Mohammed, Baghdad University, College of Science, Baghdad, Iraq" "The School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong" "St. Xavier s Catholic College of Engineering, Nagercoil, India" "Applied computing and mechanics laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland" "Human-friendly Welfare Robotic System Engineering Research Center, KAIST" Language Technologies Institute Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology Islamabad "Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science at Cardi University, July 24th" "Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr za ska 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia" Northwestern University) to T.E. We thank Vincent De Gardelle for helpful comments on an earlier version of "Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr za ska cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia" "HOD, St. Joseph College of Information Technology, Songea, Tanzania" "Birkbeck College, University of London" "The Image Processing and Analysis Lab (LAPI), Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania" "School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone" Nokia Bell Labs and University of Oxford "PG Scholar, Dr.Pauls Engineering College, Villupuram District, Tamilnadu, India" "VISLab, EBUII-216, University of California Riverside" "University of Waterloo, Waterloo ON N2L3G1, Canada" "Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA" "Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan" "Computer Science and Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, India" "Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia" "Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt" "to visually detectable changes in facial appearance, including blushing and tears. These" "Institute of Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany" "Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey" "Computer Science Division, The Open University of Israel" "Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ve cna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana" "Facebook AI Research, 2Dartmouth College" "Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics School, Flinders University, Australia" "Seattle Paci c University, Seattle, WA 98119-1957, USA" "Key Lab. of Machine Perception, School of EECS, Peking University" "Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand" "The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Israel" Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from cid:63)Stanford University "The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University" "School of Computer and Information Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Henan, Nanyang, 473000, P.R" "Institute of Informatics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, 34469, TURKEY" State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS University of Siegen "Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY, United States" "M.Tech, Information Technology, Madras Institute of Technology, TamilNadu, India" "cid:2)Honda RandD Americas, Inc., Boston, MA, USA" tional Taipei University for his help in performing simulations. The author would like to thank Mr. Ming "Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Russia" "USC IRIS Lab, University of Southern California" "Teaching Affairs Office, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China" "EEMCS, University of Twente, Netherlands" "puter Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore (e-mails" "School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China" "Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Memphis" "Held at R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, Maharastra, India" "Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" "Machine Intelligence Lab (MIL), Cambridge University" "Co-Guide, Computer Science, Shah and Anchor Kuttchi Engineering College, Mumbai, India" "Nanjing, 210023, China, 4 School of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and" "School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China" "ISTMT, University of Tunis El Manar Address: 9, Rue Docteur Zouhe r Safi 1006; 3Faculty of Medicine of Tunis; Address" "CAS), Institute of Computing Technology, CAS, Beijing, 100190, China" "ACRV, The Australian National University University of Oxford QUVA Lab, University of Amsterdam" "Technology, University of Oradea 410087, Universitatii 1, Romania" "University Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom" facultyofmathematicsandnaturalsciencesarti cialintelligence22-09-2016|1ATitleA.UthorRijksuniversiteitGroningenSomeFaculty "Institute for Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology" "School of Computer Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea" "Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 3The Wellcome" "Calgary, 2500 University Dr., N.W. Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4. Tel" "Governance, Keio University" "cid:63)Queen Mary University of London, Imperial College London" "RGPV University, Indore" "Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab on Speech and Image Information Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi an, China" Honda Research Institute "cid:5)School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. 47907, USA" Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology "University of Twente, EEMCS, Netherlands" "School of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China" "University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign University of California, San Diego" "Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece" "School of Data of Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, P.R. China" "Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A" "Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ" "Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand" "Center for Arti cial Vision Research, Korea University" "Korea Electronics Technology Institute, 203-103 B/D 192, Yakdae-Dong" "Technical University of Munich, Germany" "City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China" "Laboratory, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA" "School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom" "School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia" "Ponti cal Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil" "School of Computer Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China" Institute of Deep Learning "Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P.R. China" "Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA" "FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland" "Computer Vision Group, L. D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India" "Arts Media and Engineering, Arizona State University" University of Beira Interior "Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta" Ho Chi Minh City University of "Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan" "National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC" "USC Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), Los Angeles, CA" "New York University Shanghai, 1555 Century Ave, Pudong" Facebook 4Texas AandM University 5IBM Research "Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland" yAristotle University of Thessaloniki "School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai" "CVSSP, University of Surrey" ShahidBeheshti University "Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers" "Sichuan Fine Arts Institute, Chongqing, China" "tion [11, 10] is making possible very large scale visual recognition both in my own ongoing work, including" "Institute for Electronics, Signal Processing and Communications" National Institute of Development Administration "EEMCS, University of Twente, The Netherlands" UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (http://dare.uva.nl "College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China" "and bDivision of Engineering and Applied Sciences 136-93, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA" Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences "School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China" "School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland" "Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Portugal" "Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong" "Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland" "Japan, 2 Center for Special Needs Education, Nara University of Education, Nara-shi, Nara" University of Science and Technology Beijing "Computational Biomedicine Lab, University of Houston, TX, USA" Nam k Kemal University University of Colorado at Colorado Springs University of Freiburg "DESTEC, FLSHR Mohammed V University-Agdal, Rabat, Morocco" "College of Science, Menou a University, Menou a 32721, Egypt" Interactive and Digital Media Institute "College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, MA, USA" "School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei" "Research Groups on Intelligent Machines, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia" National Institute of Advanced Industrial USC Institute for Creative Technologies "University of Canberra, Australia, Data61 - CSIRO and ANU, Australia" Institute for Vision Systems Engineering "DCMandB, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA 4 SCS, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA" "School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore" eBay Research Labs "Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Utrecht, The" Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI "Research Institute of Shenzhen, Wuhan University, Shenzhen, China" "and Modeling, Rutgers University" "Institute of Computing, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil, e-mail: ander" "National Institute of Informatics, Japan" "Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, India" UniversityofMaryland "Science and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 3 SYSU-CMU Shunde International" "Caarmel Engineering College, MG University, Kerala, India" "Universitat Polit cnica de Catalunya, 6 University of Vigo, 7 LIUM, University of Maine" "Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor" "J. P. College of Engineering, India" "Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 4 The Queensland Brain Institute, The" "Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis (CMVS), University of Oulu, Finland" "iCV Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia" "Engineering Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Blvd. Benito Ju rez" Technical University of Kaiserslautern "M.Tech Student, SSG Engineering College, Odisha, India" "learning. As a result of this research, many applications, including video surveillance systems" Taizhou University "Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK" "China Mobile Research Institute, Xuanwu Men West Street, Beijing" "Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom, 3 Abertawe Bro-Morgannwg" "Multimodal Computing and Interaction, Saarland University, Germany" "School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China" "Intelligent Systems Group, University of Groningen, The Netherlands" "Center for Automation Research, UMIACS, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA" "College of software, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Chongqing" "Vision and Sensing, HCC Lab, ESTeM, University of Canberra" "Computer Science and Arti cial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA" "P.A. 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For further information contact the UOW "Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho Street, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietman" College of Computer Science and Technology "Coordinated Science Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign" Gangnung-Wonju National University "Institute of Digital Media, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China" "Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Box 451, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece" "cid:2)Imperial College London, U.K" "School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China" "Cognitive Arti cial Intelligence, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 6, 3584 CD, Utrecht" "School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, P.R.China" "Friedrich Schiller University, D-07740 Jena" Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology "Research Center for Information Technology Innovation, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan" "Shenzhen Key Lab of CVPR, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology" "Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr ucken, Germany (MPI-INF.MPG.DE" B.S. 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R. China" "DSP Lab, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran" "J. P. College of Engineering, India" "National Laboratory on Machine Perception, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China" SUS college of Engineering and Technology "methods, including graph matching, optical- ow-based" "Turin, Italy, 3 Faculty of Humanities, Research Unit of Logopedics, Child Language Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu" "Michigan State University, NEC Laboratories America" "Polytechnic University of Milan, Milan, 20156, Italy, 3 Applied Electronics" "The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Israel" "School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Medical College, Song Shan Hu" "Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China" M. Mark Everingham University of Leeds University of California at San Diego "Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China" "PG Scholar, Dr.Pauls Engineering College, Villupuram District, Tamilnadu, India" "Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of" "Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A" "Pathological anxiety is associated with disrupted cognitive processing, including working memory and" "Carnegie Mellon University, Electrical and Computer Engineering" "Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China" University of Sfax "Arts, Commerce and Science College, Gangakhed, M.S, India" "Sejong University, 98 Gunja, Gwangjin, Seoul 143-747, Korea" "Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China" "Arti cial Intelligence Institute, China" "bFaculty of Engineering, International Islamic University, Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia" "University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia" "AncyRijaV, Author is currently pursuing M.E (Software Engineering) in Vins Christian College of" "Imperial College London, On do" Xerox Research Center Webster "University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis" "School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, China" "Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, Weill Cornell Medical College" "Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China" "Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences" "National Laboratory on Machine Perception, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China" "Institute of Chinese Payment System, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 610074, China" TechnicalUniversityofDenmark "Polytechnic University of Milan, Milan, 20156, Italy, 3 Applied Electronics" "School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University" "P.S.R Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India" "Institute Polythechnic of Leiria, Portugal" "Institute for Human-Machine Communication, Technische Universit at M unchen, Germany" DVMM Lab - Columbia University cid:1)Institute for Neural Computation years. According to the definition by the National Institute Vietnam National University of Agriculture "Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland" "Information Systems Design, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan" "Director, Hindustan College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India" University of Cagliari Federal University of Para ba "Institute for Medical Engineering Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA" "Vision and Fusion Laboratory (IES), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT" "b Computer Technology Institute, Beijing Union University, 100101, China" "University Station C0500, Austin TX 78712, USA" "Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan" "Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China" Vietnam National University of Agriculture University of Lac Hong 10 Huynh Van Nghe "Nanyang Technological University, 2University of California San Diego" "National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC" University of Cagliari "German Research Center for Arti cial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany" "PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India" "Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA" Intelligence Computing Research Center "Technical University of Ostrava, FEECS" "Much is known on how facial expressions of emotion are produced, including which individual muscles are most active in" "Institute for Medical Engineering Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA" "Image and Video Laboratory, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia" "School of Information Technology and Management, University of International" "Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyd" "Coordinated Science Lab, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign" Polytechnic University of Bucharest "Scienti c Visualization and Computer Graphics, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 9, Groningen, The Netherlands" "University of California, Santa Cruz" "b Computer Technology Institute, Beijing Union University, 100101, China" "Intelligent User Interfaces Lab, Ko c University, Turkey" "Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY, United States" "School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada" "Faculty of Computers and Information, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt" "Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China" "University, Taiwan, R.O.C" "Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL USA" Dietrich College Honors Theses "Institute AIFB, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany" St. Anne s College "FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland" "Center for Automation Research, UMIACS, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA" "Centre for Intelligent Machines, McGill University, Montreal, Canada" "University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy" "Michigan State University, 3115 Engineering Building" "Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 541 24, Greece" "B.Tech (C.S.E), Bharath University, Chennai" "Address correspondence to: Karen L. Schmidt, University of" "School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China" "The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Israel" "Graduate School of Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan" "EEMCS, University of Twente" "The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, 2University of Technology Sydney, Australia" Compi`egne University of Technology "Information Systems Design, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan" "Human Centered Multimedia, Augsburg University, Germany" "School of Computing and Info. Sciences, Florida International University" "School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland" "Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA" "Mangalore Institute of Engineering and Technology, Badaga" "University of Barcelona and Computer Vision Centre, Barcelona, Spain" "Information and Media Processing Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation" "cid:2)Imperial College London, U.K" cid:1)Institute for Neural Computation Opus College of Engineering "University of Cambridge, The Computer Laboratory, Cambridge CB3 0FD, U.K" "Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, Weill Cornell Medical College" "Principal, JNTUH College of Engineering, jagitial, Karimnagar, AP, India" "Human Media Interaction, University of Twente, P.O. Box" "Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences" "College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, MA, USA" "College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China" Kyung Hee University South of Korea "cid:93) Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau" "M.H Saboo Siddik College of Engineering, University of Mumbai, India" "Institute of Psychology, Chinese" Allen Institute for Arti cial Intelligence (AI "Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs (MERL), Cambridge, MA, USA" Tsinghua University 4SenseTime "School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University" "Electrical, Computer, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute" "College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China" "Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, PA, USA" "Imperial College, 180 Queens Gate" "MIRACL-FSEG, University of Sfax" "and Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University" Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research / The University of Mustsnsiriyah/Baghdad IRAQ "Leiden, the Netherlands, 3 Delft University of Technology" "MIRACL-FS, University of Sfax" "Program of Computational Science and Engineering, Bo gazi ci University" "Imperial College London, On do" "Institute of Media and Information Technology, Chiba University" "Facebook AI Research, 2Dartmouth College" Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago "Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo" "Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center and Schneider Children s Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel" "Vision and Fusion Laboratory (IES), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT" "New York University Shanghai, 1555 Century Ave, Pudong" "China, 2 Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, CAS, Changchun, China, 3 School of" "Sensor-enhanced Social Media (SeSaMe) Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore" "Computer Vision Group, Xerox Research Center Europe, Meylan, France" Nokia Bell Labs and University of Oxford cid:1) Honda Research Institute "Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK. 2Affective Brain" "RIEB, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan" "Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, UK" St. Francis Institute of Technology AgnelAnushya P. is currently pursuing M.E (Computer Science and engineering) at Vins Christian college of "Anjuman College of Engineering and Technology, Sadar, Nagpur, India" Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute "Deva Ramanan, University of California at Irvine" "Sathyabama University, Chennai, India" "State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China" "National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China" "School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Northeastern State University, Tahlequah, OK 74464, USA" Xerox Research Center Webster "Technology, University of Oradea 410087, Universitatii 1, Romania" "B.S., E.E., Bo azi i University" in The University of Michigan "Kitware, Inc" University of Toronto and Recognyz Systems Technologies "IHCC, RSCS, CECS, Australian National University" "School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Tuqiang St. 321, Dalian 116620, China" "Faculty of EEMCS, University of Twente, The Netherlands" "Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation (Fraunhofer IOSB" "Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, USC, CA, USA" "MTech Student 1, 2, Disha Institute of" "Michigan State University, NEC Laboratories America" "MATS University, MATS School of Engineering and Technology, Arang, Raipur, India" "Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University" "cid:63) Imperial College London, UK" "Institute for Human-Machine Communication, Technische Universit at M unchen, Germany" "University of Maryland, College Park" "Visualization and Computer Vision Lab, GE Global Research Center" "University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA" "aResearch Scholar, Anna University, Chennai, Inida" "Vision Laboratory, LARSyS, University of the Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal" massachusetts institute of technology artificial intelligence laboratory University of Colorado at Colorado Springs National Institute of Informatics "School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006 Guangzhou, China" "State Key Lab of CADandCG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China" "cid:93)Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, P.R.China" Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the "University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Croatia" "EEMCS, University of Twente, The Netherlands" This work was supported by Grant MOP102637 from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research to E.D.R. and the Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal "Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University" "QCIS, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia" at The Australian National University "Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, Universit e de Montr eal" "Sapienza University of Rome, Italy" Xidian University 2Xi an Jiaotong University 3Microsoft Research Asia "Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan" "Director, Hindustan College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India" ATR Interpreting Telecommunications Research Laboratories ATR Human Information Processing Research Laboratory "Computer Science and Arti cial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA" "Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA" "CAS), Institute of Computing Technology, CAS, Beijing, 100190, China" "Institute for Human-Machine Communication, Technische Universit at M unchen" The University of Adelaide; and Australian Centre for Robotic Vision Sanghvi Institute of Management and Science "Chalmers University of Technology, SAFER" "general term, including collaboration. Interaction determines action on someone" Boston University Computer Science Technical Report No "Institute of Advanced Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing" "School of Information Engineering, Nanchang University, China" Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology "Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA" by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH 15279 and MH067976 (K. Schmidt "Innopolis University, Kazan, Russia" "Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA" "Bo gazi ci University, Turkey" Honda Research Institute Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London "Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University" "Informatics and Telematics Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas" "Cambridge University, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB21PZ, UK" "Intelligent Autonomous Systems (IAS), Technical University of Munich, Garching" "School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China" "Institute of Scienti c and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki-shi 567-0047, Japan" "School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University" "Australian National University and NICTA, Australia" "The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, The Tel-Aviv University" "School of Financial Information Engineering, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu" "Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague" "Section of Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. Armanni" "Medical Image Analysis Lab, School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada" "Psychology, University of Illinois, Beckman Institute, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, University of" "aSchool of Computing and Mathematics, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW" Signal Processing Institute "School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, China" "RCC Institute of Information Technology, Kolkata, India" "Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555 Japan" Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh "USC Information Sciences Institute (ISI), Marina Del Rey, CA" Xerox Research Center India "The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University" "Numediart Institute, University of Mons" "Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China" "Research Center for Information Technology Innovation, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan" "Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea" "Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China" "NEC Laboratories America, Inc., Cupertino, CA" "National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan" "Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland" "Boston University, Linguistics Program, 621 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA" "Institute Polythechnic of Leiria, Portugal" "Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University" "College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China" "Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China" "Shenzhen key lab of Comp. Vis. and Pat. Rec., Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology" "ADSIP Research Centre, University of Central Lancashire" "Research Center for Intelligent Security Technology, CIGIT" "National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of" "Nanjing, 210023, China, 4 School of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and" "School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China" "University of Pennsylvania, 2Ryerson University" Baidu IDL and Tsinghua University The Chinese University of Hong Kong holds the copyright of this thesis. Any "National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation" "Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran" "Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 4 The Queensland Brain Institute, The" "Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto shi" "Bilgi University, Dolapdere, Istanbul, TR" "LIUM Laboratory, Le Mans, France, 2 Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland" "SSN College of Engineering, Chennai, India" "University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada" "2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc" "Technical University of Cluj Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street" "FX Palo Alto Laboratory, Inc., California, USA" Nqtional Institute of Standards and Technology "Aditya College of Engineering, Surampalem, East Godavari" "bSchool of Computer and Control Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences" Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience "Center for Machine Vision Research, University of Oulu, Finland" "School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China" "Research Center in Information Technologies, Universit e de Mons, Belgium" "Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr ucken, Germany (MPI-INF.MPG.DE" "Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY" "Elect. Eng. Faculty, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran" Carnegie Mellon University (CMU "Facial Image Processing and Analysis Group, Institute for Anthropomatics" National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST "NICTA , Queensland Research Laboratory, QLD, Australia" "School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China" "University at Buffalo, SUNY" "Foundation University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan" College of Information Science and Engineering "Most of the earlier studies mentioned above, including ours" "Sejong University, 98 Kunja-Dong, Kwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Korea" "Co-Guide, Computer Science, Shah and Anchor Kuttchi Engineering College, Mumbai, India" DVMM Lab - Columbia University "Polytechnic University of Milan, Milan, 20156, Italy, 3 Applied Electronics" "Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, China" "Institute of Chinese Payment System, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 610074, China" College of Information Engineering "ment of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley" "University of Freiburg, Germany" "Machine Intelligence Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University" "Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh" "National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences" "Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Science" "Key Lab. of Machine Perception, School of EECS, Peking University" cid:63)Stanford University "Institute of Data Science and Technology, Alibaba Group" "University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD Australia, 5 Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France" Rowland Institute at Harvard "University of Kentucky, 329 Rose St., Lexington, KY, 40508, U.S.A" "Several methods exists to induce anxiety in healthy individuals, including threat of shock (ToS), the Trier" Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG "Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor" "DTU Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DENMARK" "Metron, Inc" "Motorola, Inc" "National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C" VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF The Australian National University Queensland University of Technology "Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, West Bengal, India" "1E1 WC Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2R" "JDL, Institute of Computing Technology, CAS, P.O. Box 2704, Beijing, China" "National Laboratory on Machine Perception, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China" "Vision Science Group, University of California" Institute for Anthropomatics "Welten Institute, Research Centre for Learning, Teaching and Technology, Faculty of" "Computational Science and Engineering Program, Bo gazic i University, Istanbul, Turkey" "School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China" "B.A. Earlham College, Richmond Indiana" "Institute of Computing Technology, CAS, Beijing 100190, China" Canadian Institute for Advanced Research "Savitri Bai Phule Pune University, Maharashtra India" "Machine Intelligence Group, School of Computer Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology and" "B.E, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, Namakkal, TamilNadu, India" "School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116621, China" "Computer Applications, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi, India" "cid:63)Queen Mary University of London, Imperial College London" "IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA" "Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolge-dong, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 139-701, Korea" "Gujarat Technological University, V.V.Nagar, India" Khulna University of Engineering and Technology "Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran" "School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom, College of" "University of Sk vde, Sweden" "University of Science, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh city" KIT University of the State of Baden-W rttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association Toyota Technological Institute Chicago (TTIC "ESAT-PSI, KU Leuven, 2University of Bonn, 3CV:HCI, KIT, Karlsruhe, 4Sensifai" "D Research Center, Kwangwoon University and Springer" "Marine Institute, via Torre Bianca, 98164 Messina Italy" Ho Chi Minh City University of "School of Computer Information Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China" "University of Twente, EEMCS, Netherlands" "Electronics and Communication Engineering, Chuo University" "applications, including texture classification [16], face recognition [12], object detection [10], and" Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology "College of Computer and Information Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology" Institute of Informatics - ISLA "Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 26 Pil-dong 3-ga, Jung-gu" "cCentre of Intelligent Machines, McGill University, Montr eal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada" "Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, University of Southern California, CA, USA" "Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences" "Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK" "t2i Lab, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden" "CVSSP, University of Surrey, UK" "King Saud University, P.O. Box 51178, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia" Institute for studies in theoretical Physics and Mathematics(IPM "University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis" "State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology" "Asian University, Taichung, Taiwan" "Abha Gaikwad -Patil College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India" "do, Rep. of Korea, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, Rep. of Korea" "Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University 3University of Pittsburgh, USA" Federal University of Technology - Paran a "Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China" Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology "Assam University, Silchar-788011 Assam University, Silchar" "Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (MOE), School of EECS, Peking University" "Intel Lab, 2200 Mission College Blvd, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA" "Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA" IBM T. J. Watson Research Center "ples of such ne-grained descriptions, including attributes covering detailed" "Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand" "University at Buffalo, State University of New York" "Brown University, 2University of California, San Diego, 3California Institute of Technology" "aLawrence Technological University, 21000 W Ten Mile Rd., South eld, MI 48075, United States" "School of Computer Science, Tianjin University" "The School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Israel" "IBM Research, Australia, 2 IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, 3 National University of Singapore" "School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Sun Yat-sen University, China" "Intelligent Recognition and Image Processing Lab, Beihang University, Beijing" "Lund University, Cognimatics AB" "Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Israel" Departm nt of Information Engin ering Th Chines University of Hong Kong University of Freiburg "School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083 Beijing, China" "VSI Lab, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany" Al-Khwarizmi Institute of Computer Science "University of Zagreb, Unska 3, 10 000 Zagreb" "School of Computer Science, CECS, Australian National University, Australia" HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Federal University of Para ba "Zhejang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R.China" "Staffordshire University, Beaconside Stafford ST18 0AB, United Kingdom" "Pattern Recognition Group, University of Siegen" "University of California at Berkeley, USA" "Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland, 2LIUM, University of Maine, Le Mans, France" The University of Queensland in "School of Engineering, Taylor s University" "Florian Metze, Chair (Carnegie Mellon University" TechnicalUniversityofDenmark "Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science" Sridevi Women's Engineering College "Dipartimento di Sistemi e Informatica, University of Florence" "School of Computing and Communications, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia" "P.A. College of Engnineering, Mangalore" "Heudiasyc Laboratory, CNRS, University of Technology of Compi`egne" "University of Washington, Bothell" "Sighthound, Inc" "Nam k Kemal University, Tekirda g, Turkey" "Shenzhen Key Lab of Comp. Vis. and Pat. Rec., Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CAS, China" "cSchool of Astronautics at Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, P.R.C" "Shenzhen Key Lab of CVPR, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CAS, China" University of Toulouse II Le Mirail "Myongji University, Yongin, 449-728 South" "College of software, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Chongqing" "University of Alicante, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain" CUNY Graduate Center and City College "School of Comm. and Info. Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecom., Beijing China" "atry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA" b Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems "Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr za ska cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia" The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 2Harbin Institute of Technology Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology "National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, CAS, Beijing, 100190, China" Baidu Research Institute of Deep Learning "The Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam" "College of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan" MICC - University of Florence "St. Xavier s Catholic College of Engineering, Nagercoil, India" "Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China" "School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, U.K" Tomas Bata University in Zl n "Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre and Grif th School of Engineering, Grif th University" "Institiude of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University" "Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Rep. of Korea" cid:3)The Salk Institute and Howard Hughes Medical Institute "School of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China" "P.S.R Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India" "Korea Electronics Technology Institute, 203-103 B/D 192, Yakdae-Dong" "Computer Vision Laboratory, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK" "Visual Geometry Group, University of Oxford" "School of EECS, Queen Mary University of London, UK" "Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences" years. According to the definition by the National Institute "G.H.Raisoni College of Engg. and Mgmt., Pune, India" "Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR, Singapore" "instance has been detected (e.g., a face), it is be possible to obtain further information, including: (i" In the Graduate College "Pursuing M.Tech, Caarmel Engineering College, MG University, Kerala, India" Helsinki University of Technology Laboratory of Computational Engineering Publications Conference on CyberGames and Interactive Entertainment (pp. 52-58). Western Australia: Murdoch university "University of Exceter, Exceter, UK" "Recognition, Institute of Automation" "University of Toronto, 6 Kings College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4 CANADA" "Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing" "DISI, University of Trento, Trento, Italy" Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). DOI "Link oping University, SE-581 83 Link oping, Sweden" "Mackenzie Presbyterian University, S o Paulo, S o Paulo, Brazil" "Applied computing and mechanics laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland" "Dayananda Sagar College of Engg., India" "Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand" "Electrical Engineering Institute, EPFL" "Centre for Quantum Computation and Intelligent Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia" "Institute for Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence/ Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan" "School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei" "Center for Cognitive Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy, 2 Neuroscience Institute of Turin" "Engg, Priyadarshini College of" "Cognitive Systems Lab, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany" tional Taipei University for his help in performing simulations. The author would like to thank Mr. Ming "Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Russia" Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs (MERL "School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University" Slovak University of Technology in "College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China" "Multimodal Computing and Interaction, Saarland University, Germany" "Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina" "Computer Vision Group, Friedrich Schiller University Jena"