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All rights reserved "f Neuropsychiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania" Middlesex University London "Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China" "Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstr. 38, 72076 T bingen, Germany" FL "University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan" "DPDCE, University IUAV, Santa Croce 1957, 30135 Venice, Italy" Gdansk University of Technology Rice University "Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Utrecht, The" "Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China" "Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China" Queensland University of Technology(QUT Amherst College "LITIS EA 4108-QuantIF Team, University of Rouen, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France" "Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China" "Paran a Federal University, Curitiba, Brazil" "University of Crete, Crete, 73100, Greece" Mme Tinne Tuytelaars Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Japan "University of Twente, The Netherlands" "Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136 119, Haryana, INDIA" "The School of Electrical Electronic and Control Engineering, Kongju National University" the Chinese University of Hong Kong University of Amsterdam "Correspondence should be addressed to: Astrid C. 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Please refer to "University of California, Riverside CA 92521-0425, USA" "Caarmel Engineering College, MG University, Kerala, India" University of Wisconsin Madison Meiji University Digital Media Research Center "Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong" Achariya college of Engineering Technology "Graz University of Technology, Austria" UNIVERSITY OF OULU "School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, UK" Sun Yat-sen University "Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213. 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Dhule, Maharastra, India" "School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, China" "State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi an 710071 China" Xiamen University "RoboticsResearchGroup, UniversityofOxford, Oxford, UK" "Federal University Technology Akure, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria" "Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom, 3 Abertawe Bro-Morgannwg" "Science and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, 3 SYSU-CMU Shunde International" "Aberystwyth University, UK" "University of Pisa, Largo Lucio" Institute of Computer Science "Engineering Institute, Autonomous University of Baja California, Blvd. Benito Ju rez" "University of Florence, Italy" Punjabi University Patiala "Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of" "University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq" "DCMandB, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA 4 SCS, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA" "School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong Institute of Business and Technology" "COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan" "University of California, San Diego, La Jolla" K. 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Student, SRV Engineering College, sembodai, India" Sungkyunkwan University "Vision Systems, Inc" "Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, McGovern Institute, MIT" Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute "University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China" "Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia" "bDiscipline of Business Analytics, The University of Sydney Business School" Bournemouth University "CVSSP, University of Surrey" The University of Tokyo "GREYC UMR CNRS 6072 ENSICAEN-Image Team, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, 6 Boulevard Mar echal Juin" "School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, P.R.China" "School of Computing, Staffordshire University" "VISILAB group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, E.T.S.I.Industriales, Avda. Camilo Jose Cela s.n, 13071 Spain" "IIIT-Delhi, India, 2West Virginia University" Stony Brook University Hospital "Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China" "School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire" Tokyo Institute of Technology Ural Federal University (UrFU "Principal, Chaithanya Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kakinada, AP, India" any other University "ECE dept, University of Miami" "Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr za ska cesta" Indiana University "Kingston University, UK" "The Open University of Israel, Israel" "Michigan State University, East Lansing MI" "School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology" "Dep. of Applied Mathematics and Analysis, University of Barcelona, Spain" Research Center and Laboratoire "UC Lab, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si 446-701, Korea" "Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland" "aSchool of Technology, University of Campinas" University of Waterloo "Birkbeck College, University of London" Istanbul Technical University "Y. Li, University of Maryland" "Global Big Data Technologies Centre (GBDTC), University of Technology Sydney, Australia" "Indian Institute of Informaiton Technology, Allahabad, India" "Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA" "EEMCS, University of Twente Enschede, The Netherlands" "Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, UK" "College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China" "Baingio Pinna, University of" B.S. (Cornell University "National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan" "Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong" "Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil" Northwestern University) to T.E. We thank Vincent De Gardelle for helpful comments on an earlier version of "Idiap Research Institute, Switzerland" Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology "Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China" "Dalian University of Technology, China" "ISTMT, University of Tunis El Manar Address: 9, Rue Docteur Zouhe r Safi 1006; 3Faculty of Medicine of Tunis; Address" "RMIT University, Australia" "China-Singapore Institute of Digital Media, Singapore" Curtin University of Technology "Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland" "Cognitive Arti cial Intelligence, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 6, 3584 CD, Utrecht" "cid:130) Computer Perception Lab, California State University, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA" Massachusetts Institute "School of Automation, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China" "SICE, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications. 2Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University" "Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr a ka cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia" "Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland" "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany" "Research Center E. Piaggio , University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, 2 Faculty of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy" "Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia" "B.S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai-48, India" "College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi" "Computer Vision Group, L. D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, India" University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research "University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712-1188, USA" "b Computer Science, School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney" "San Jose State University, San Jose, CA" "University of Exeter, UK" "Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China" "Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA" "State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China" Katholieke Universiteit Leuven "Jawaharlal Technological University, Anantapur" "University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2G4, Canada" "Division of Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA e-mail" "Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea" "University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA" "Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore" "Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain" "Human-friendly Welfare Robotic System Engineering Research Center, KAIST" China University of Mining and Technol "Northeastern University, Boston, USA" "UniversityofMaryland, CollegePark, MD" "Sorbonne Universit s, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France" to Michigan State University University of Kentucky "Beijing Normal University, China" University of North Carolina Wilmington HoHai University "University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R.China" "CollegePark, MD" "Human Computer Interaction Lab., Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Korea" National Taiwan University of Science and "University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK" "M.Tech Scholar, MES College of Engineering, Kuttippuram" "Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China" UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE "School of Mathematical Science, Peking University, China" "Dartmouth College, NH 03755 USA" "MES College of Engineering, Kuttippuram" yAristotle University of Thessaloniki "The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX" "State Research Institute of Aviation Systems (GosNIIAS), Moscow, Russia" "Australian National University, Canberra" "SRI International, Menlo Park California / *Brooklyn College, Brooklyn New York" "School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University" "Stony Brook University, NY 11794, USA" "National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan" "Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA" COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Wah Cantt "University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA" "School of Information Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, China" "Amsterdam; and 3Center for Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, University of Amsterdam" "Institute for Vision and Graphics, University of Siegen, Germany" Oregon State University "University of Technology, Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia" "SRV Engineering College, sembodai, india" "Siemens Corporate Research, 755 College Road East, Princeton, NJ" Imperial College London "in signed languages, including American Sign Language (ASL). Gestures such" "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany" "Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ" Middle East Technical University "Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA" The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press North Carolina AandT State University National Institute of Advanced Industrial "National Tsing-Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan" "California State University, Fullerton, USA" "School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University" "Queen Mary University of London, UK" "Interdisciplinary Program in Visual Information Processing, Korea University, Seoul, Korea" Institute Xerox Research Center University of Southern California University of Iceland "KAUST1, University of Amsterdam2, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc" "Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire" "Institute of Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany" Max Planck Institute f ur biologische Kybernetik "Imperial College, London, UK" "and IBUG [32]. All of them cover large variations, including different" "Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, M5S 3G4, Canada" PES Modern College of Engg "Universiteit van Amsterdam, Roeterstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands" "Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA" "K.S.R. College Of Engineering, Tiruchengode, India" Multimedia University "Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3904, USA" "Research Reports of CMP, Czech Technical University in Prague, No" "DESTEC, FLSHR Mohammed V University-Agdal, Rabat, Morocco" "Institute of Arti cial Intelligence and Cognitive Engineering (ALICE), University of Groningen" "University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana" "Beihang University 2Gri th University 3University of York, UK" "College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology" "Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA" "Intelligent Systems Group, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, 3508 TB, Utrecht" "School of Info. and Commu. Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications" Courant Institute "Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA" yThe University of Tokyo "University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania, Address Splaiul Independent ei" "Heilongjiang University, College of Computer Science and Technology, China" "Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran. Iran" Beijing Jiaotong University "Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab on Speech and Image Information Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi an, China" "Queensland University of Technology, Australia" "Computer Science and Engineering, Anna University, India" "College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China" "University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain" University of Chinese Academy of "Biometric and Image Processing Lab, University of Salerno, Italy" "Sathyabama University Old Mamallapuram Road, Chennai, India" "Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China. 2School of" and the institute of engineering and science "Deprtment of Computer Science and Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering, India" National Taipei University Swansea University "Center for Information Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China" "School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide, Australia" Tel Aviv University "Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanc University, stanbul, Turkey" "School of Computer Science, The University of Nottingham" Shiraz University "Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China" Middlebury College University of Massachusetts Amherst Ionian University "Center for Automation Research, UMIACS, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA" "RGPV University, Indore" COMSATS Institute of Information Technology "The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong" "Engineering, G.H.Raisoni College of Engineering" "University of California, Los Angeles" National University of Singapore Santa Fe Institute "PG Scholar, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India" "National Sun Yat Sen University, 804 Kaohsiung, Taiwan" "Middlesex University London, 4International Hellenic University" University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill "Howard University, Washington DC" This work was supported in part by National Institute of Mental Health Award R01 MH 087610 to T.E "The Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), German Aerospace Center" Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Portugal "Ulm University, Germany" B.S. University of Indonesia "University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia" "Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo" "LIP6, UPMC - Sorbonne University, Paris, France" "Learning Systems Group, California Institute of Technology" College of Electrical and Information Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology University (ITU "Indian Institute of Science, India" University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt - CASED "Intelligent Systems Group, University of Groningen, The Netherlands" "and 2Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708" "Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne" Czech Technical University "Bournemouth University, UK" Palo Alto Research Center (PARC College of Image Arts and Sciences "USC Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), Los Angeles, CA" "School of Computing, National University of Singapore, SG" "University of Zaragoza, Spain" University of Ottawa National Institute of Technology Karnataka Stevens Institute of Technology "Center for Computational Biomedicine Imaging and Modeling Center, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ" "School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, P.R. China" "School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China" "Games Studio, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney" "Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si" National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Sponsors: Machine Intelligence Research Labs (MIR Labs "Federal Institute of Science and Technology, Mookkannoor" "and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution" "Faculty of Information Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam" M.S. Brunel University of West London "b School of Business, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland" "University of Maryland, College Park; 2Arizona State University; 3Xerox Research Centre" "P. O. Box 4500 Fin-90014 University of Oulu, Finland" "College of Medicine, Seoul National University" "The Ohio State University, OH" "City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China" "Current Address: Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam" "Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra" University of Washington and Google Inc "Center for Cognitive Ubiquitous Computing, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA" "School of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China" "School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK" "Narayana Pharmacy College, Nellore, India" College of Computer Science and Technology German Research Center for Arti cial Intelligence (DFKI "University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI" Research Center for Information Carnegie Mellon University "Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea" "Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt" "ITCS, Tsinghua University" "Technological University, Davanagere, Karnataka, India" "abroad, or from public or private research centers" "Qatar University, Qatar" Facebook 4Texas AandM University 5IBM Research "School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University" "K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, Namakkal, TamilNadu, India" "School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China" "University of Lincoln, School of Computer Science, U.K" "Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan" "School of Computer Science, The University of Manchester" "University of Notre Dame, 2IIIT-Delhi" "University of Lincoln, U.K" "Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China" "School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. 2Advanced Digital Sciences Center, Singapore" "The University of Tokyo, Japan" "Tohoku University, Japan" "BECS, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland" "Software, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China, 4 School of Statistics, Capital University of" "Visual Computing and Communications Lab, Arizona State University" Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other at West Virginia University University of Engineering and Technology