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diff --git a/scraper/samples/s2-paper-detail.json b/scraper/samples/s2-paper-detail.json new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5273fd54 --- /dev/null +++ b/scraper/samples/s2-paper-detail.json @@ -0,0 +1,3114 @@ +{ + "responseType": "PAPER_DETAIL", + "paper": { + "id": "e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff", + "title": { + "text": "300 Faces In-The-Wild Challenge: database and results", + "fragments": [] + }, + "slug": "300-Faces-In-The-Wild-Challenge:-database-and-Sagonas-Antonakos", + "paperAbstract": { + "text": "Computer Vision has recently witnessed great research advance towards automatic facial points detection. Numerous methodologies have been proposed during the last few years that achieve accurate and efficient performance. However, fair comparison between these methodologies is infeasible mainly due to two issues. (a) Most existing databases, captured under both constrained and unconstrained (in-the-wild) conditions have been annotated using different mark-ups and, in most cases, the accuracy of the annotations is low. (b) Most published works report experimental results using different training/testing sets, different error metrics and, of course, landmark points with semantically different locations. In this paper, we aim to overcome the aforementioned problems by (a) proposing a semi-automatic annotation technique that was employed to re-annotate most existing facial databases under a unified protocol, and (b) presenting the 300 Faces In-The-Wild Challenge (300-W), the first facial landmark localization challenge that was organized twice, in 2013 and 2015. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort towards a unified annotation scheme of massive databases and a fair experimental comparison of existing facial landmark localization systems. 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Zhu", + "ids": [], + "slug": "X.-Zhu" + }, + { + "text": "X. Zhu", + "fragments": [] + } + ], + [ + { + "name": "D. Ramanan", + "ids": [], + "slug": "D.-Ramanan" + }, + { + "text": "D. Ramanan", + "fragments": [] + } + ] + ], + "citationContexts": [ + { + "text": "The most notable databases of this category are LFPW [28], HELEN [29], AFW [17], AFLW [30] and IBUG [31] (all used for facial landmark points localization).", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 75, + "end": 79 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "Note that we employ DPMs [17] to estimate the initial landmarks locations for the first iteration of the above procedure.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 25, + "end": 29 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "These databases can be separated in two major categories: (a) those captured under controlled conditions, e.g. Multi-PIE [24], XM2VTS [25], FRGCV2 [26], AR [27], and those captured under totally unconstrained conditions (in-the-wild), e.g. LFPW [28], HELEN [29], AFW [17], AFLW [30], IBUG [31].", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 263, + "end": 266 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "Furthermore, we computed the bounding boxes of all the aforementioned databases by using our in-house face detector, the one that is also employed in [16], which is a variant of [17].", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 178, + "end": 182 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "W), the first facial landmark localization challenge, that was\n1The annotations of XM2VTS, FRGC-V2, LFPW, HELEN, AFW and IBUG are publicly available from http://ibug.doc.ic.ac.uk/resources/facial-point-annotations/.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 113, + "end": 116 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "LFPW, AFW, HELEN, XM2VTS and FRGC-V2 were provided for training, along with the corrected annotations produced with the semi-automatic annotation tool (Sec 3).", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 6, + "end": 9 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": ", and outperform discriminative methodologies, such as CLMs [15], DPMs [17] and SDM [18].", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 71, + "end": 75 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "For each subject, there are available images for 15 different poses, 19 illumination conditions and 6\n5\nAC C\nEP\nTE\nD M\nAN U\nSC R\nIP T\n(a) MultiPIE/IBUG (b) XM2VTS (c) FRGC-V2 (d) AR\n(e) LFPW (f) HELEN (g) AFW (h) AFLW\nFigure 1: Landmarks configurations of existing databases.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 205, + "end": 208 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "Multi-PIE [24], XM2VTS [25], FRGC-V2 [26], AR [27], LFPW [28], HELEN [29] and AFW [17].", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 82, + "end": 86 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "We employed the proposed tool to re-annotate all the widely used databases, i.e. Multi-PIE [24], XM2VTS [25], FRGC-V2 [26], AR [27], LFPW [28], HELEN [29] and AFW [17].", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 159, + "end": 162 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "The discriminative techniques can be further divided to those that use discriminative response map functions, such as Active Shape Models (ASMs) [13], Constrained Local Models (CLMs) [14, 15, 16] and Deformable Part Models (DPMs) [17], those that learn a cascade of regression functions, such as Supervised Descent Method (SDM) [18] and others [19, 20, 21], and, finally, those that employ random forests [22, 23].", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 230, + "end": 234 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "The accuracy of the fitting results was measured by the point-to-point RMS error between each fitted shape and the ground truth annotations, normalized by the face’s interoccular distance, as proposed in [17].", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 204, + "end": 208 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "HELEN, AFW, IBUG: The rest of in-the-wild databases were annotated\n11\nAC C\nEP TE\nD M\nAN U\nSC R\nIP T\n(a) Multi-PIE (b) XM2VTS\n(c) FRGC-V2 (d) LFPW\n(e) HELEN (f) AFW\nFigure 3: Examples of the annotated images.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 7, + "end": 10 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "In both conducts, the training set consisted of the XM2VTS, FRGC-V2, LFPW, HELEN, AFW and IBUG databases that were annotated using the proposed semi-automatic procedure.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 82, + "end": 85 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "LFPW [28], HELEN [29], AFW [17], AFLW [30], IBUG [31].", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 27, + "end": 31 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "AFW: The Annotated Faces in-the-wild (AFW) [17] database consists of 250 images with 468 faces, that is, more than one faces are annotated in each image.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 43, + "end": 47 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "AR: The AR Face Database [27] contains over 4000 images corresponding to\n6\nAC C\nEP TE\nD M\nAN U\nSC\nR\nIP T\nDatabase conditions # faces # subjects # points pose\nMulti-PIE controlled ∼ 750000 337 68 [−45◦, 45◦] XM2VTS 2360 295 68 0◦ FRGC-V2 4950 466 5 0◦ AR ∼ 4000 126 22 0◦ LFPW\nin-the-wild\n1035\n−\n35\n[−45◦, 45◦] HELEN 2330 194 AFW 468 6 AFLW 25993 21 IBUG 135 68\nTable 1: Overview of the characteristics of existing facial databases.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 310, + "end": 313 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "For example, DPMs [17] tend to return bounding boxes that only include facial texture and not any of the subject’s hair, as usually done by the Viola-Jones detector [48].", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 18, + "end": 22 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "The authors were encouraged, but not restricted, to use LFPW, AFW, HELEN, IBUG, FRGC-V2 and XM2VTS databases with the provided annotations.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 62, + "end": 65 + } + ] + } + ], + "isKey": true + }, + { + "id": "a74251efa970b92925b89eeef50a5e37d9281ad0", + "title": { + "text": "Annotated Facial Landmarks in the Wild: A large-scale, real-world database for facial landmark localization", + "fragments": [] + }, + "slug": "Annotated-Facial-Landmarks-in-the-Wild:-A-database-Köstinger-Wohlhart", + "venue": { + "text": "2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops)", + "fragments": [] + }, + "year": 2011, + "authors": [ + [ + { + "name": "Martin Köstinger", + "ids": [ + "1993853" + ], + "slug": "Martin-Köstinger" + }, + { + "text": "Martin Köstinger", + "fragments": [] + } + ], + [ + { + "name": "Paul Wohlhart", + "ids": [ + "3202367" + ], + "slug": "Paul-Wohlhart" + }, + { + "text": "Paul Wohlhart", + "fragments": [] + } + ], + [ + { + "name": "Peter M. Roth", + "ids": [ + "1791182" + ], + "slug": "Peter-M.-Roth" + }, + { + "text": "Peter M. Roth", + "fragments": [] + } + ], + [ + { + "name": "Horst Bischof", + "ids": [ + "3628150" + ], + "slug": "Horst-Bischof" + }, + { + "text": "Horst Bischof", + "fragments": [] + } + ] + ], + "citationContexts": [ + { + "text": "The most notable databases of this category are LFPW [28], HELEN [29], AFW [17], AFLW [30] and IBUG [31] (all used for facial landmark points localization).", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 86, + "end": 90 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "These databases can be separated in two major categories: (a) those captured under controlled conditions, e.g. Multi-PIE [24], XM2VTS [25], FRGCV2 [26], AR [27], and those captured under totally unconstrained conditions (in-the-wild), e.g. LFPW [28], HELEN [29], AFW [17], AFLW [30], IBUG [31].", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 273, + "end": 277 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "AFLW: The Annotated Facial Landmarks in theWild (AFLW) [30] database consists of 25993 images gathered from Flickr, exhibiting a large variety in appearance (e.g., pose, expression, ethnicity, age, gender) as well as general imaging and environmental conditions.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 4 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "For each subject, there are available images for 15 different poses, 19 illumination conditions and 6\n5\nAC C\nEP\nTE\nD M\nAN U\nSC R\nIP T\n(a) MultiPIE/IBUG (b) XM2VTS (c) FRGC-V2 (d) AR\n(e) LFPW (f) HELEN (g) AFW (h) AFLW\nFigure 1: Landmarks configurations of existing databases.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 213, + "end": 217 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "AFLW: The Annotated Facial Landmarks in theWild (AFLW) [30] database consists of 25993 images gathered from Flickr, exhibiting a large variety in appearance (e.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 55, + "end": 59 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "[30] M.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 4 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "LFPW [28], HELEN [29], AFW [17], AFLW [30], IBUG [31].", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 38, + "end": 42 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "AR: The AR Face Database [27] contains over 4000 images corresponding to\n6\nAC C\nEP TE\nD M\nAN U\nSC\nR\nIP T\nDatabase conditions # faces # subjects # points pose\nMulti-PIE controlled ∼ 750000 337 68 [−45◦, 45◦] XM2VTS 2360 295 68 0◦ FRGC-V2 4950 466 5 0◦ AR ∼ 4000 126 22 0◦ LFPW\nin-the-wild\n1035\n−\n35\n[−45◦, 45◦] HELEN 2330 194 AFW 468 6 AFLW 25993 21 IBUG 135 68\nTable 1: Overview of the characteristics of existing facial databases.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 320, + "end": 324 + } + ] + } + ], + "isKey": true + }, + { + "title": { + "text": "Fddb: A benchmark for face detection in unconstrained settings", + "fragments": [] + }, + "slug": "Fddb:-A-benchmark-for-face-detection-in-settings-Jain-Learned-Miller", + "venue": { + "text": "Tech. Rep. UM-CS-2010-009, University of Massachusetts, Amherst", + "fragments": [] + }, + "year": 2010, + "authors": [ + [ + { + "name": "V. Jain", + "ids": [], + "slug": "V.-Jain" + }, + { + "text": "V. Jain", + "fragments": [] + } + ], + [ + { + "name": "E. Learned-Miller", + "ids": [], + "slug": "E.-Learned-Miller" + }, + { + "text": "E. Learned-Miller", + "fragments": [] + } + ] + ], + "citationContexts": [ + { + "text": "Consequently, in order to facilitate the participants and make the competition less dependent to a face\n20\ndetector’s performance, we suggested them to use one of the face detection methods that took part in the Face Detection Data Set and Benchmark (FDDB) [49].", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 250, + "end": 254 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "[49] V.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 4 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "detector’s performance, we suggested them to use one of the face detection methods that took part in the Face Detection Data Set and Benchmark (FDDB) [49].", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 150, + "end": 154 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "The results presented in the Face Detection Data Set and Benchmark (FDDB) [49] show that current stateof-the-art techniques achieve very good true positive rates.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 74, + "end": 78 + } + ] + } + ], + "isKey": true + }, + { + "title": { + "text": "Multi-pie", + "fragments": [] + }, + "slug": "Multi-pie-Gross-Matthews", + "venue": { + "text": "Image and Vision Computing 28 (5)", + "fragments": [] + }, + "year": 2010, + "authors": [ + [ + { + "name": "R. Gross", + "ids": [], + "slug": "R.-Gross" + }, + { + "text": "R. Gross", + "fragments": [] + } + ], + [ + { + "name": "I. Matthews", + "ids": [], + "slug": "I.-Matthews" + }, + { + "text": "I. Matthews", + "fragments": [] + } + ], + [ + { + "name": "J. Cohn", + "ids": [], + "slug": "J.-Cohn" + }, + { + "text": "J. Cohn", + "fragments": [] + } + ], + [ + { + "name": "T. Kanade", + "ids": [], + "slug": "T.-Kanade" + }, + { + "text": "T. Kanade", + "fragments": [] + } + ], + [ + { + "name": "S. Baker", + "ids": [], + "slug": "S.-Baker" + }, + { + "text": "S. Baker", + "fragments": [] + } + ] + ], + "citationContexts": [ + { + "text": "The most popular such databases are Multi-PIE [24] (used for face recognition, expressions recognition, landmark points localization), FRGC-V2 [26] (used for face recognition), XM2VTS [25] and AR [27] (both used for face recognition and landmark points localization).", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 46, + "end": 50 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "The provided facial landmark annotations are produced by employing the annotation scheme of Multi-PIE (Fig.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 92, + "end": 101 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "These databases can be separated in two major categories: (a) those captured under controlled conditions, e.g. Multi-PIE [24], XM2VTS [25], FRGCV2 [26], AR [27], and those captured under totally unconstrained conditions (in-the-wild), e.g. LFPW [28], HELEN [29], AFW [17], AFLW [30], IBUG [31].", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 111, + "end": 120 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "Note that in the case of Multi-PIE, even though the original and generated annotations have the same configuration, the generated ones are more accurate.\nusing a common procedure.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 25, + "end": 34 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "The advantages of the generated annotations1 are twofold: (1) They all have the same landmarks configuration, i.e. the one employed in Multi-PIE (Fig.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 135, + "end": 144 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "16: Fit the person-specific AOM to the image i. 17: end for 18: end for 19: end if 20: Check and manually correct, if necessary, the generated annotations of Q.\nMulti-PIE: The available Multi-PIE annotations cover only the neutral expression with pose [−45◦, 45◦] and multiple non-neutral expressions with pose 0◦.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 161, + "end": 170 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "Facial databases under controlled conditions Multi-PIE: The CMU Multi Pose Illumination, and Expression (MultiPIE) Database [24] contains around 750000 images of 337 subjects captured under laboratory conditions in four different sessions.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 124, + "end": 128 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "Multi-PIE [24], XM2VTS [25], FRGC-V2 [26], AR [27], LFPW [28], HELEN [29] and AFW [17].", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 10, + "end": 14 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "We employed the proposed tool to re-annotate all the widely used databases, i.e. Multi-PIE [24], XM2VTS [25], FRGC-V2 [26], AR [27], LFPW [28], HELEN [29] and AFW [17].", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 81, + "end": 90 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "For example, in Multi-PIE, the annotations for subjects with expressions “disgust” at 0◦ and “neutral” at 15◦ are provided and we want to produce the annotations for subjects with expression “disgust” at 15◦.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 16, + "end": 25 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "The images of each such pose cluster were semi-automatically annotated using images from Multi-PIE with the same pose.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 89, + "end": 98 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "However, the accuracy of the annotations in some cases is limited and the locations of the provided points do not correspond to ones of Multi-PIE.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 136, + "end": 145 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "Multi-PIE: The CMU Multi Pose Illumination, and Expression (MultiPIE) Database [24] contains around 750000 images of 337 subjects captured under laboratory conditions in four different sessions.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 0, + "end": 9 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "XM2VTS: The images of XM2VTS’s first session were semi-automatically annotated by setting V to be the subjects of Multi-PIE with neutral expression and [−15◦, 15◦] poses.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 113, + "end": 122 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "HELEN, AFW, IBUG: The rest of in-the-wild databases were annotated\n11\nAC C\nEP TE\nD M\nAN U\nSC R\nIP T\n(a) Multi-PIE (b) XM2VTS\n(c) FRGC-V2 (d) LFPW\n(e) HELEN (f) AFW\nFigure 3: Examples of the annotated images.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 104, + "end": 113 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "This subset was annotated by employing images from Multi-PIE with six expressions and [−15◦, 15◦] poses as V .", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 51, + "end": 60 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "Multi-PIE [24], XM2VTS [25], FRGCV2 [26], AR [27], and those captured under totally unconstrained conditions (in-the-wild), e.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 10, + "end": 14 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "In case Q has multiple images per subject (e.g. Multi-PIE, XM2VTS, FRGC-V2, AR), the above method can be extended to further improve the generated annotations.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 48, + "end": 57 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "To this end, we selected such images of N = 80 different subjects with frontal pose from the Multi-PIE database.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 93, + "end": 102 + } + ] + }, + { + "text": "AR: The AR Face Database [27] contains over 4000 images corresponding to\n6\nAC C\nEP TE\nD M\nAN U\nSC\nR\nIP T\nDatabase conditions # faces # subjects # points pose\nMulti-PIE controlled ∼ 750000 337 68 [−45◦, 45◦] XM2VTS 2360 295 68 0◦ FRGC-V2 4950 466 5 0◦ AR ∼ 4000 126 22 0◦ LFPW\nin-the-wild\n1035\n−\n35\n[−45◦, 45◦] HELEN 2330 194 AFW 468 6 AFLW 25993 21 IBUG 135 68\nTable 1: Overview of the characteristics of existing facial databases.", + "fragments": [ + { + "start": 158, + "end": 167 + } + ] + } + ], + "isKey": true + } + ], + "requestedPageSize": 10, + "pageNumber": 1, + "totalPages": 5, + "sort": "is-influential" + }, + "figureExtractions": { + "figures": [ + { + "name": "1", + "figureType": "figure", + "caption": "Figure 1: Landmarks configurations of existing databases. Note they all have different number of landmark points with semantically different locations.", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/7-Figure1-1.png", + "width": 449, + "height": 449 + }, + { + "name": "1", + "figureType": "table", + "caption": "Table 1: Overview of the characteristics of existing facial databases.", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/8-Table1-1.png", + "width": 439, + "height": 439 + }, + { + "name": "2", + "figureType": "figure", + "caption": "Figure 2: Flowchart of the proposed tool. Given a set of landmarked images V with various poses and expressions, we aim to annotate a set of non-annotated images Q (1) with the same subjects and different poses and expressions, or (2) with different subjects but similar pose and expressions.", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/11-Figure2-1.png", + "width": 449, + "height": 449 + }, + { + "name": "2", + "figureType": "table", + "caption": "Table 2: Overview of the characteristics of the 300-W database.", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/16-Table2-1.png", + "width": 445, + "height": 445 + }, + { + "name": "3", + "figureType": "figure", + "caption": "Figure 3: Examples of the annotated images. For each database, the image on the left has the original annotations and the one on the right shows the annotations generated by the proposed tool. Note that in the case of Multi-PIE, even though the original and generated annotations have the same configuration, the generated ones are more accurate.", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/13-Figure3-1.png", + "width": 445, + "height": 445 + }, + { + "name": "3", + "figureType": "table", + "caption": "Table 3: Median absolute deviation of the fitting results of the first conduct of 300-W challenge in 2013, reported for both 68 and 51 points.", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/19-Table3-1.png", + "width": 422, + "height": 422 + }, + { + "name": "4", + "figureType": "figure", + "caption": "Figure 4: The cardinality of W and V per iteration.", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/14-Figure4-1.png", + "width": 321, + "height": 321 + }, + { + "name": "4", + "figureType": "table", + "caption": "Table 4: Overview of the characteristics of the cropped images of the 300-W database.", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/20-Table4-1.png", + "width": 448, + "height": 448 + }, + { + "name": "5", + "figureType": "figure", + "caption": "Figure 5: Each ellipse denotes the variance of each landmark point with regards to three expert human annotators. The colours of the points rank them with respect to their standard deviation normalized by the face size.", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/15-Figure5-1.png", + "width": 413, + "height": 413 + }, + { + "name": "5", + "figureType": "table", + "caption": "Table 5: Second conduct of the 300-W challenge. 2nd column: Number of images for which an estimation of the landmarks was returned. 3rd and 4th columns: The mean absolute deviation of the fitting results for both 68 and 51 points. 5th column: Mean computational cost per method.", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/23-Table5-1.png", + "width": 449, + "height": 449 + }, + { + "name": "6", + "figureType": "figure", + "caption": "Figure 6: The 51-points mark-up is a subset of the 68-points one after removing the 17 points of the face’s boundary. The interoccular distance is defined between the outer points of the eyes.", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/17-Figure6-1.png", + "width": 231, + "height": 231 + }, + { + "name": "6", + "figureType": "table", + "caption": "Table 6: Percentage of images with fitting error less than the specified values for the winners of the first (Yan et al. [46], Zhou et al. [47]) and second (J. Deng, H. Fan) 300-W challenges, and Oracle. The error is based on 68 points using both indoor and oudoor images.", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/27-Table6-1.png", + "width": 445, + "height": 445 + }, + { + "name": "7", + "figureType": "figure", + "caption": "Figure 7: Fitting results of the first conduct of the 300-W challenge in 2013. The plots show the Cumulative Error Distribution (CED) curves with respect to the landmarks (68 and 51 points) and the condtions (indoor, outdoor or both).", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/18-Figure7-1.png", + "width": 477, + "height": 477 + }, + { + "name": "8", + "figureType": "figure", + "caption": "Figure 8: Indicative examples of the way the images were cropped for the second conduct of the 300-W challenge.", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/21-Figure8-1.png", + "width": 449, + "height": 449 + }, + { + "name": "9", + "figureType": "figure", + "caption": "Figure 9: Fitting results of the second conduct of the 300-W challenge in 2015. The plots show the Cumulative Error Distribution (CED) curves with respect to the landmarks (68 and 51 points) and the condtions (indoor, outdoor or both).", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/22-Figure9-1.png", + "width": 477, + "height": 477 + }, + { + "name": "10", + "figureType": "figure", + "caption": "Figure 10: Fitting examples of the first conduct of the 300-W challenge in 2013. Each row shows the fitted landmarks for each participating method.", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/24-Figure10-1.png", + "width": 449, + "height": 449 + }, + { + "name": "11", + "figureType": "figure", + "caption": "Figure 11: Fitting examples of the second conduct of the 300-W challenge in 2015. Each row shows the fitted landmarks for each participating method.", + "uri": "https://ai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com/figures/2017-08-08/e4754afaa15b1b53e70743880484b8d0736990ff/26-Figure11-1.png", + "width": 455, + "height": 455 + } + ] + }, + "presentations": [ + { + "contentType": "PRESENTATION", + "id": "df1e22c9a92e6c506c228ef23049ab3b8c908e80", + "title": "Face detection, pose estimation, and landmark localization in the wild", + "authors": [ + "Xiangxin Zhu", + "Deva Ramanan" + ], + "published": 1412121600, + "url": "https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/presentation/df1e/22c9a92e6c506c228ef23049ab3b8c908e80.pdf" + }, + { + "contentType": "PRESENTATION", + "id": "b4d2151e29fb12dbe5d164b430273de65103d39b", + "title": "Annotated Facial Landmarks in the Wild: A large-scale, real-world database for facial landmark localization", + "authors": [ + "Martin Köstinger", + "Paul Wohlhart", + "Peter M. 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